Management Strategies for Pain in Breast Carcinoma Patients: Current Opinions and Future Perspectives

Breast cancer is the most frequently encountered carcinoma in women worldwide. Pain is the most distressing symptom in patients with breast carcinoma and can occur at all stages of the disease due to the cancer per se as well as due to various diagnostic and treatment modalities. A proper pain assessment helps in identification of pain syndromes and guides in formulating analgesic strategies. Primary therapies of breast carcinoma like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy for bony metastases can cause substantial pain relief. However, multimodal analgesic approaches incorporating pharmacological, interventional as well as non-conventional techniques should be employed prior to, in conjunction with, and after primary therapies of breast cancer. The prevalence of chronic neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery may exceed 50% by current estimates, and with the increase in life expectancy of these patients, providing adequate pain relief is of paramount importance to improve their quality of life. In this review, we discuss prevailing methods of evaluation and management of pain in patients of breast carcinoma and the new techniques that may become the mainstay of pain management protocols in future.     

Lead insertion by supraclavicular approach of the subclavian vein puncture

Total occlusion of the left subclavian vein was diagnosed in a 76-year-old patient, 6 years after implantation of an ICD with VVI pacing backup. Replacement of the ICD included upgrading of the ICD system because of the presence of pacemaker syndrome when the patient was VVI paced. Insertion of an atrial lead through the ipsilateral vein system was made possible by using the supraclavicular approach of the subclavian, enabling puncturing of the left subclavian vein medially to the obstruction.     

"以问题为基础"教学法在康复治疗学专业运动疗法方向教学中的应用分析

作者通过对“以问题为基础”（PBL）教学法与传统教学方法的比较，分析在康复治疗学专业教学中应用PBL教学法的必要性，并探讨对课程的选择以及对教师和学生的具体要求、实施PBL教学方法的具体方案及其应用意义。     

Examining health visiting expertise: combining simulation, interview and observation

BACKGROUND: Resource constraints and the drive towards evidence-based practice are currently prompting the review of health visiting services, which are a costly element of community health services in the United Kingdom. There is a shortage of evidence about effective domiciliary health visiting practice that can inform local and national decisions about developing and reforming this service. AIMS: This paper is based on a study which aimed to articulate the health visiting expertise involved in recognizing and responding to client need during home visits. The paper describes the innovative, multi-method approach used to articulate this expertise, and presents the rationale for this unusual approach. DISCUSSION: The study used the complementary methods of a 20-minute simulated visit to an actress-client, a postsimulation focused interview and subsequent observation of actual home visits with 15 study participants. Data-gathering took place between 2001 and 2002. The rationale, strengths and limitations of the methodology are discussed, and recommendations made for further development based on the work. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirmed the utility of this unusual combination of methods, with their blend of control and naturalism, for articulating the knowledge and expertise which underpins assessment practice. Further research using a similar approach is recommended for the systematic examination of professional expertise in nursing and multi-disciplinary contexts.     

离断式肾盂成形术手术入路的临床探讨

目的 :探讨经腹入路肾盂成形术的优点及适应证。方法 :对 2 6例 30侧经腹入路及 2 2例 2 4侧经腰入路两种离断式肾盂成形术围手术期临床指标及疗效进行对比观察。结果 :经腹入路手术切口时间、术中输血量、术后 2 4h肾周引流量及胃肠功能恢复时间等方面均优于经腰入路手术。结论 :对未合并肾脏畸形、肾周感染、结石及输尿管远端狭窄的单纯性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻病人 ,经腹入路肾盂成形术优于经腰入路肾盂成形术     

两种不同入路在人工耳蜗植入术中的比较

目的:比较上鼓室径路和后鼓室径路进行人工耳蜗埴入术的异同,便于选择更合适的方法完成该手术。方法:在手术中分别使用两种方法对6例患者进行人工耳蜗植入术。结果:两种方法均能达到植入人工耳蜗的目的,比较起来上鼓室径路手术困难和风险相对较小。结论:上鼓室径路避免了对鼓索神经和面神经的损害,使手术更为简便易行。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的临床探讨

目的 提高对致心律失常性右室心肌病的诊断、治疗及预后的认识,并提出今后课题.方法 回顾性分析致心律失常性右室心肌病者的临床资料及随访结果.结果 以室性心律失常起病常见,心电图、心脏彩超为主要诊断方法,治疗可选择药物、介入或手术,预后不佳.结论 致心律失常性右室心肌病临床、心电图有一定特征,心脏彩超为主要诊断方法,目前尚未有哪一种治疗手段显示其优越性,较多问题有待今后探讨.     

临床路径在医院管理中的应用

论述临床路径在医院管理中的应用情况 ,并进一步介绍了这一管理模式在当今顺应医疗体制改革和医保市场开放的实用性 ,并探讨这一技术在应用中可能存在的问题、防范措施及应用前景