张力敏感性阳离子通道在机械牵张引起气道黏液高分泌中的作用

目的 观察张力敏感性阳离子通道、Ca2+内流和豆蔻酰化富丙氨酸C激酶底物(MARCKS)在机械牵张引起气道黏液高分泌中的作用.方法 人气道黏膜上皮细胞(HBE16)体外培养,采用小型生物撞击机给予机械牵张刺激,各组培养细胞依施加条件不同而分为对照、牵张、牵张+钆、牵张+硝苯吡啶、牵张+低分子量肝素、牵张+MARCKS效应结构域(ED)锁核酸(LNA)以及牵张+MARCKS的ED无关对照LNA序列共7组,分别采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫荧光法观察与胞吐相关的突触相关膜蛋白SNAP23以及黏蛋白(MUC)5AC mRNA和蛋白表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测细胞培养上清中MUC5AC分泌.结果 机械牵张能显著升高人气道黏膜上皮细胞中SNAP23和MUC5AC表达,显著提升细胞培养上清中MUC5AC分泌(P＜0.05);钆、硝苯吡啶、MARCKS的ED-LNA均能抑制机械牵张对SNAP23表达和MUC5AC表达、分泌的提升作用(均P＜0.05);而低分子量肝素未能显著降低SNAP23表达和MUC5AC表达、分泌(P＞0.05).结论 机械牵张能升高人气道黏膜上皮细胞MUC5AC的表达,其机制可能与张力敏感性阳离子通道、Ca2+内流和MARCKS途径有关.     

Striae Distensae After Subfascial Breast Augmentation

Striae distensae or stretch marks after breast augmentation are a rare complication. To date, 10 cases have been published. In seven of these cases, the implant was placed in a subglandular position and in the other three cases, placement was submuscular. Two cases of stretch marks in two young nulliparous women who underwent subfacial breast augmentation are presented. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of striae distensae after subfascial breast augmentation.     

肠易煎联合化疗治疗大肠癌术后患者209例临床观察

目的 观察肠易煎对脾虚湿热型大肠癌术后患者血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及肿瘤标志物的影响,探讨肠易煎的临床疗效.方法 将符合纳入标准的402例结直肠癌术后患者随机分为治疗组209例和对照组193例,对照组给予单纯化疗,化疗方案为:奥沙利铂150mg/m2静脉滴注第1天+5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)400mg/m2×5天静脉滴注+亚叶酸钙200mg/m2×5天为1个疗程,间隔21天进行下一个疗程,共治疗2个疗程.治疗组给予肠易煎联合化疗,肠易煎每日1剂,早晚分服.连续用药21天为1个疗程,共治疗2个疗程.观察两组患者治疗前后血清VEGF及肿瘤标志物[癌胚抗原(CEA),肿瘤标志物CA199、CA50、CA72]的变化. 结果 治疗组治疗后VEGF水平与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);对照组治疗后VEGF水平与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组治疗后VEGF水平比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组治疗后CEA、CA50较治疗前差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CA199和CA72无明显变化(P＞0.05);对照组各指标治疗后与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组治疗后CEA、CA50比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 肠易煎能够降低大肠癌术后患者VEGF表达水平,同时能降低CEA、CA50表达水平,表明抑制肿瘤血管新生可能是肠易煎抗肿瘤的有效途径之一.     

Cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400–200 kya at Qesem Cave,Israel

Zooarchaeological research at Qesem Cave, Israel demonstrates that large-game hunting was a regular practice by the late Lower Paleolithic period. The 400- to 200,000-year-old fallow deer assemblages from this cave provide early examples of prime-age-focused ungulate hunting, a human predator–prey relationship that has persisted into recent times. The meat diet at Qesem centered on large game and was supplemented with tortoises. These hominins hunted cooperatively, and consumption of the highest quality parts of large prey was delayed until the food could be moved to the cave and processed with the aid of blade cutting tools and fire. Delayed consumption of high-quality body parts implies that the meat was shared with other members of the group. The types of cut marks on upper limb bones indicate simple flesh removal activities only. The Qesem cut marks are both more abundant and more randomly oriented than those observed in Middle and Upper Paleolithic cases in the Levant, suggesting that more (skilled and unskilled) individuals were directly involved in cutting meat from the bones at Qesem Cave. Among recent humans, butchering of large animals normally involves a chain of focused tasks performed by one or just a few persons, and butchering guides many of the formalities of meat distribution and sharing that follow. The results from Qesem Cave raise new hypotheses about possible differences in the mechanics of meat sharing between the late Lower Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic.     

Suicidal and homicidal sharp force injury: a 5-year retrospective comparative study of hesitation marks and defense wounds

In sharp force injury cases, the presence of hesitation marks or defense wounds figures among useful characteristics in the distinction of suicide and homicide. However, there are very few systematic comparative studies of hesitation marks and defense wounds in the forensic literature. This study was thus undertaken to systematically compare features of hesitation marks and defense wounds, with a particular emphasis on dispersion patterns. Over a 5-year period, all suicidal and homicidal sharp force cases were retrospectively reviewed for hesitation marks and defense wounds. A total of 58 suicides (7 women; 51 men) and 149 homicides (59 women; 60 men) were found, of which 74% (n = 43) were positive for hesitation marks and 61% (n = 91) for defense wounds. On the upper limbs, hesitations marks were more often observed on the anterior aspect of the limb, while defense wounds were equally distributed on the anterior and posterior aspect. For hand lesions, hesitation marks were generally located on one side only, while defense wounds more commonly involved both sides. No left or right predominance was observed in hesitations marks or defense wounds. Defense wounds were more widely distributed on the upper limbs than hesitation marks.     

Indoor postmortem animal interference by carnivores and rodents: report of two cases and review of the literature

We present two cases of nearly total skeletization of the exposed face and neck due to indoor postmortem animal interference and a review of the literature. In the case of a 61-year-old man, inspection of the damaged soft tissue margins revealed serrated edges and parallel cutaneous lacerations caused by rats. In the case of a 40-year-old woman, postmortem examination revealed v-shaped and rhomboid-shaped tunneled wounds in the damaged soft tissue caused by a pit bull terrier. The autopsy in both cases identified natural causes of death. While the morphological feature of postmortem soft tissue artifacts caused by rodents can be ascribed to animal incisors, stab wound-like punctured wounds are characteristic of canine dentition of carnivorous origin. Additional morphological criteria for injuries of carnivorous origin are linear scratch-type abrasions from claws in the vicinity of the injuries. In cases of indoor postmortem animal interference damage is primarily caused to the exposed areas of the body, no self-defense injuries can be found on the deceased’s body, only a small amount of blood or the total absence of bloodstains should be expected at the scene, an inquiry of pets living free in the house or wild animals having possible access to the scene should be conducted and rodent excrement found at the scene can give the investigator further information. Received: 16 April 1998 / Received in revised form: 9 July 1998     

The responses of muscle spindles to small, slow movements in passive muscle and during fusimotor activity

We have previously shown that movement detection thresholds at the human elbow joint were less than a degree of joint rotation in the passive limb but were higher if they were measured while subjects co-contracted elbow muscles [A.K. Wise, J.E. Gregory, U. Proske, J. Physiol., 508 (1998) 325-330]. Here we report observations on the responses of muscle spindles of the soleus muscle of the anaesthetised cat to determine their ability to signal small length changes in the passive muscle and during a contraction, under conditions resembling those of the human experiments. After appropriate conditioning of the muscle to control for history effects, primary endings of muscle spindles showed thresholds to ramp stretch at 20 micrometers s-1 of between less than 5 micrometers and 15 micrometers, which translates to 0.05 degrees -0.15 degrees of human elbow joint rotation. Thresholds were much higher following conditioning to introduce slack in the muscle. Since during a voluntary contraction there is likely to be alpha:gamma co-activation, responses of spindles were also recorded during slow stretches (100 micrometers at 20 micrometers s-1) during static fusimotor stimulation, dynamic fusimotor stimulation, combined fusimotor stimulation and fusimotor plus skeletomotor stimulation. Invariably, responses to passive stretch were larger than during motor stimulation. It is concluded that spindles are sensitive enough to signal fractions of a degree of elbow joint rotation and that the rise in threshold observed during a voluntary contraction may be accounted for by the actions of fusimotor and skeletomotor axons on spindle stretch responses.     

Reflex Torque Response to Movement of the Spastic Elbow: Theoretical Analyses and Implications for Quantification of Spasticity

A parametric model of the human reflex torque response to a large-amplitude, constant angular velocity elbow extension was developed in order to help quantify spasticity in hemiparetic stroke patients, and to better understand its pathophysiology. The model accounted for the routinely observed leveling of torque (i.e., a plateau) at a mean angular increment of 51°±10° s.d. (n=98) after the initial rise. This torque plateau was observed in all eight subjects, and in 98 of 125 trials across 25 experimental sessions. The occurrence of this plateau cannot be explained by decreases in elbow flexor moment arms during elbow extension. Rather, the plateau is attributable to a consistent leveling in muscle activation as confirmed both qualitatively from recordings of rectified, smoothed electromyograph (EMG) activity, and quantitatively using an EMG coefficient model. A parametric model was developed in which the pattern of muscle activation in the stretch reflex response of elbow flexors was described as a cumulative normal distribution with respect to joint angle. Two activation functions, one related to biceps and the other to brachioradialis/brachialis, were incorporated into the model in order to account for observations of a bimodal angular stiffness profile. The resulting model yielded biologically plausible parameters of the stretch reflex response which may prove useful for quantifying spasticity. In addition, the model parameters had clear pathophysiological analogs, which may help us understand the nature of the stretch reflex response in spastic muscles. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8719Rr, 8719Xx, 8719St, 8719Nn, 8719Ff, 8710+e     

Swedish upper secondary school pupils' sense of coherence, coping resources and aggressiveness in relation to educational track and performance

The health of an individual depends on how well he or she can handle various stressors in his or her environment. One vulnerable period occurs during the transition from child to adult. The overall aim of this research project was to determine whether differences in the ability to deal with stress are related to various health indicators, aggression, and school marks during primary and upper secondary school. Data were collected class-wise and 253 Swedish upper secondary school pupils participated. Three well-established questionnaires [Sense of Coherence (SOC), Coping Resources Inventory (CRI) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)] were used. In addition, blood pressure, teacher evaluation and school marks were collected. Some demographic data such as gender, age and type of study programme were also collected. Both SOC and Coping Resources Inventory correlated significantly positively with many of the primary and upper secondary marks, while the AQ had significantly negative correlations with the mark. Females obtained higher values than males in Coping Resources Inventory, but lower in SOC and AQ.     

Neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch in cerebellar lobule VI of the cat

Summary Extraocular proprioceptive input to cerebellar vermis, lobule VI, was investigated in cats under N₂O analgesia by recording neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch. Both optic tracts were transected and the periorbital skin and conjunctiva were locally anaesthetized. Eye rotation within the physiological range was achieved by applying a pull of predetermined length and tension to each of the eight musculi recti at their insertion to the globe. Within lobule VI, only small patches of cortex receive stretch receptor afferents. The information made available by these afferents corresponds to a change of eye position. Minimal responses were dependent upon angular deflections of a few degrees. Maximal response amplitudes were obtained within the physiological range of angular deflections and angular velocities for the units tested. Most cells responded to stretch of more than one muscle. Three types of convergence were found: (1) neurons responding according to a certain direction of a conjugated movement of both eyes, (2) neurons responding to movements in either direction of one plane, (3) more complicated response patterns.