他汀类药物治疗脑出血合并高脂血症的效果

〔摘 要〕 目的：探究脑出血合并高脂血症患者应用他汀类药物的治疗效果。方法：选择 2019 年 1 月至 2020 年 1 月期 间永州市中心医院接诊的脑出血合并高脂血症患者 102 例,以随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,每组 51 例。对照组行常 规内科治疗,观察组采用他汀类药物治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果：干预后,观察组患者总胆固醇（TC）、三酰 甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL–C）水平均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。干预后,观察组患 者血清一氧化氮（NO）、胰岛素样生长因子（IGF–1）、血清巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）水平均优于对照组,差异具 有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。观察组患者再次脑出血、外周血管血栓、心肌梗死等不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异具有 统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。结论：他汀类药物治疗脑出血合并高脂血症效果显著。     

The changing pattern of statin use in people with dementia: A population-based study

BackgroundAfter a dementia diagnosis, goals of care are often reassessed, including the use of preventive medications like statins.ObjectiveTo examine changes in statin use after initiating medication for managing dementia.MethodsA case-crossover study utilizing medication dispensing data from the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) 10% random sample was conducted. Use of statins was compared in the 12 months pre- and post-initiation (pre-period and post-period) of anti-dementia medications or risperidone for behavioural symptoms of dementia. Individuals aged ≥65 years who had their first dispensing of anti-dementia medication or risperidone between July 2006 and June 2017 and survived ≥12 months after their first supply were included. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for change in statin use in the discordant pairs.ResultsThe cohort (n = 19,809) had a median age of 81 years and 61% were female. Statins were less likely to be used after initiating anti-dementia medication or risperidone (OR 0.50; 95%CI 0.45–0.55). The OR for statin use in the post-period versus the pre-period decreased annually over the 11 years from 1.21; 95%CI 0.84–1.75 in 2006–7 to 0.31; 95%CI 0.24–0.41 in 2016–17 (p for interaction <0.05).ConclusionStatins are more likely to be ceased than started after initiating medication for dementia. This may reflect changes in goals of care, or changes in the interpretation of the available evidence for the safety and efficacy of statins in older people living with dementia.     

Renal Function-Dependent Associations of Statins with Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke

Aim: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke. One major metabolic derangement of CKD is dyslipidemia, which can be managed by statins. This study aimed to investigate whether the association of statins with post-stroke outcomes would be affected by renal function.Methods: We evaluated the association of statin therapy at discharge with 3-month outcomes according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 50,092 patients with acute ischemic stroke from the Taiwan Stroke Registry from August 2006 to May 2016. The outcomes were mortality, functional outcome as modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and recurrent ischemic stroke at 3 months after index stroke.Results: Statin therapy at discharge was associated with lower risks of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.50) and unfavorable functional outcomes (mRS 3–5; aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.84) in ischemic stroke patients. After stratification by eGFR, the lower risk of mortality associated with statins was limited to patients with an eGFR above 15 mL/min/1.73 m². Using statins at discharge was correlated with a lower risk of unfavorable functional outcomes in patients with an eGFR of 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m². Statin therapy in patients with an eGFR of 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m² may be associated with a higher risk of recurrent ischemic stroke compared with nonusers (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.57).Conclusions: In patients with acute ischemic stroke, the associations of statins with mortality and functional outcomes was dependent on eGFR.     

Addition of statins to the standard treatment in patients with cirrhosis: Safety and efficacy

This review summarizes the safety and efficacy of statins in patients with cirrhosis. Due to concerns about the safety of statins in patients with impaired liver function, they have recently been investigated as a potential treatment option in cirrhosis. The most clinically significant adverse event is statin-related myopathy, and this may be related to the high serum statin concentrations in the setting of severely impaired liver function. Rhabdomyolysis is the most serious and potentially life-threatening manifestation. It has recently been demonstrated that the recommended dose of simvastatin in patients with decompensated cirrhosis would be 20 mg/d because higher values, such as 40 mg/d, are associated with many adverse events, especially muscle injury. Likewise, simvastatin should not be administered to patients with Model for End-stage Liver Disease score > 12 and/or Child-Pugh class C because of the high risk of severe muscle injury. Due to the pleiotropic effects, the focus on statins has shifted from being considered harmful to something useful. Through these effects, statins could prevent liver-related morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Observational studies in large populations of patients with cirrhosis have shown that treatment with statins to decrease high cholesterol levels was associated with a reduced risk of hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma development and death. The few randomized controlled trials in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension showed that statins lower portal pressure, quite likely through a reduction in hepatic resistance. Another large randomized controlled trial in patients with variceal bleeding showed that simvastatin in addition to standard of care did not prevent rebleeding but improved survival rate. Despite these encouraging outcomes, the quality of the evidence regarding the use of statins is low or very low due to the observational characteristics of most of the studies involved. Therefore, it is advisable to perform further randomized controlled trials on a large series of patients with hard clinical endpoints, using different statin types and varying doses. The objectives would be to prevent liver-related morbidity and mortality rather than treating cirrhosis complications to take additional information that makes it possible to add statins to the standard of care of these patients.     

Renoprotective effects of atorvastatin compared with pravastatin on progression of early diabetic nephropathy

Introduction

Several studies have shown that statins suppress the progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, few reports have directly compared the renoprotective effects between potent and conventional statins.

Materials and Methods

Patients with diabetic nephropathy, selected as those with a serum creatinine level of 0.9–1.5 mg/dL and simultaneously having either microalbuminuria or positive proteinuria, were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a conventional diet therapy group, a group given 10 mg of pravastatin and a group given 10 mg of atorvastatin. Renal function was evaluated before and after a 12-month period of therapy.

Results

The atorvastatin group had a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at 3 months and thereafter compared with the other groups. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio significantly decreased in the atorvastatin group; the degree of this decrease was significantly greater than that in the diet therapy group. The kidney function estimated with cystatin C (CysC) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated from CysC were significantly preserved in the atorvastatin group compared with the pravastatin group. In a multivariate regression analysis, the use of atorvastatin was the only explanatory variable for the changes in CysC; this was independent of changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusions

Atorvastatin is more effective than pravastatin for the prevention of increase in CysC, and this renoprotective effect was considered to a result of the pleiotropic effect of atorvastatin independent of its lipid-lowering effect. This study was registered with UMIN (no. UMIN 000001774).     

Atorvastatin favorably modulates proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients following deep vein thrombosis

Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown to be associated with inflammation. Statins that might reduce VTE risk have been found to exert anti-inflammatory properties in patients at cardiovascular risk. We sought to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin can be observed in VTE patients.

Materials and Methods

Atorvastatin 40 mg/d was given for 3 days to 26 consecutive VTE patients following discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy and 25 controls. We evaluated interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, soluble P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen in peripheral venous blood.

Results

The VTE patients displayed higher C-reactive protein (p = 0.013), IL-1b (p = 0.03), IL-8 (p = 0.03) and vWF (p < 0.0001) compared with the controls. In VTE patients atorvastatin decreased IL-6 (p = 0.0003), IL-8 (p = 0.003) and P-selectin (p < 0.0001), but increased IL-10 (p = 0.001), with no association with C-reactive protein or cholesterol-lowering effects. Atorvastatin reduced IL-1b (p = 0.01), IL-6 (p = 0.03) and P-selectin (p = 0.002) in controls. Residual venous thrombosis was associated with elevated IL-6 and P-selectin, whereas patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis showed elevated P-selecitn prior to and following statin administration (all p < 0.05).

Conclusion

A 3-day administration of atorvastatin reduces inflammation without decrease in C-reactive protein in VTE patients.     

围术期停用他汀对冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动的影响

目的探讨常规接受他汀治疗的患者围术期停用他汀对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后心房颤动(AF)的影响。方法 207例CABG前已在服用他汀至少1个月的患者,按围术期是否停用他汀,随机分为他汀组(n=103)与停用他汀组(n=104)。分析比较两组患者术后AF发生情况及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平变化。结果两组在临床资料、围术期参数方面无显著差异(P>0.05)。停用他汀组AF发生率显著高于他汀组(30.8%vs13.6%),症状性AF发生率、AF持续时间、最快心室率亦均显著高于他汀组(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示停用他汀是CABG后发生AF的独立危险因素(OR=2.9,95%CI:1.3～6.3,P=0.007)。hs-CRP水平在两组变化趋势相似,停用他汀组术后不同时间hs-CRP均显著高于他汀组(P均<0.05)。结论冠心病患者CABG围术期停用他汀可增加术后AF发生率,这可能与炎症反应反弹有关。     

老年人他汀类药物治疗的安全性

血脂异常是心血管疾病明确的危险因素,尽管血脂异常在老年人群中的发生率很高,但对老年人调脂治疗的副作用及安全性的顾虑一直存在.本文讨论了老年人血脂异常的特点、药代动力学和药效动力学的改变,通过一系列的临床研究证据评价他汀类药物在老年人群肝脏、肌肉、肾脏、神经系统和肿瘤发生等方面的安全性.