原料药粒径对盐酸普萘洛尔渗透泵片释药行为的影响

目的:研究原料药粒径等对盐酸普萘洛尔渗透泵片释药行为的影响。方法:取不同批号盐酸普萘洛尔及同批号重结晶前、后的原料药均按相同处方制备成渗透泵片,考察药物体外释放情况及释药24h后衣膜形态;并对上述不同原料药的粒径分别以光学显微镜和激光粒度分析仪进行证实。结果:以原料药粒径较小的渗透泵片释放完毕后衣膜变形,且不能维持零级释放,原料药粒径较大的渗透泵片结果与之相反。不同原料药经仪器证实粒径确有差异。结论:原料药的粒径可影响制备的渗透泵片的释放行为,提示性状稳定的原料药的合理选择在制剂过程中不可忽视。     

清前方对实验性慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的作用

目的 观察清前方对大鼠慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的作用。方法 采用向大鼠前列腺内注入1％角叉菜胶生理盐水的方法，建立实验性非细菌性前列腺炎模型，并将实验大鼠随机分为4组，分别给予相应剂量的蒸馏水（A组和B组）、清前方（C组）或舍尼通（D组）混悬液，观察清前方对该炎症模型大鼠体重增长变化、前列腺脏／体比值及病理学改变的影响。结果 清前方（2．5g／kg·d）组炎症模型动物体重增长回升，前列腺脏／体比值下降，前列腺平滑肌增殖受到抑制，局部病理性瘀血状态得以改善。结论 清前方可望用于治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎。     

Differential effects of the pyrethroid tetramethrin on tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant single sodium channels

The differential effects of the pyrethroid tetramethrin on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) single sodium channel currents in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were investigated using the outside-out configuration of patch-clamp technique. Channel conductances were 10.7 and 6.3 pS for TTX-S and TTX-R sodium channels, respectively, at a room temperature of 24–26°C. The single-channel current of TTX-S sodium channels at the test potential of −30 mV was −1.27 ± 0.25 pA, and was not changed after exposure to 10 μM tetramethrin (−1.28 ± 0.23 pA). The open time histogram of TTX-S single-channel currents could be fitted by a single exponential function with a time constant of 1.27 ms. After exposure to 10 μM tetramethrin, the open time histogram could be fitted by the sum of two exponential functions with time constants of 1.36 ms (τ_fast) and 5.73 ms (τ_low). The percentage of contribution of each component to the population was 62% for the fast component representing the normal channels and 38% for the slow component representing the tetramethrin modified channels. The amplitudc of TTX-R single-channel currents was slightly changed from −0.72 ± 0.14 to −0.83 ± 0.07 pA by 10 μM tetramethrin. The open time histogram of TTX-R single-channel currents could be fitted by a single exponential function with a time constant of 1.92 ms. In the presence of 10 μM tetramethrin, the open time histogram could be fitted by the sum of two exponential functions with time constants of 2.07 ms (τ_fast) and 9.75 ms (τ_slow). The percentage of contribution of each component was 15% for the fast, unmodified component and 85% for the slow, modified component. Differential effects of tetramethrin on the open time distribution of single sodium channel currents explains the differential sensitivity of TTX-S and TTX-R sodium channels.     

The use of a single non-timed urine collection in the calculation of fractional lithium clearance

Summary The fractional clearance of lithium (CL_Li/CL_cr) calculated in 15 normal healthy adults from a single morning urine aliquot collection, together with a single venous blood sample (FQ) was compared with the average CL_LI/CL_CR obtained from three timed consecutive urine collections with mid-point blood sampling (FABC). Lithium had been ingested 15–18 h prior to the collection of these samples. Mean CL_Li/CL_CR was similar (FQ, 0.186, FABC, 0.177), with a highly significant correlation in each individual of CL_LI/CL_SR measured by either method (r = 0.97,P 0.0001). Proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium using lithium clearance may be calculated from a single urine and blood sample.     

Cerebral sodium sensors in the sodium-deplete sheep

The sodium intake of sodium deplete sheep was studied during local, push-pull perfusion of different solutions within the third cerebral ventricle. Sheep were made sodium deplete by continuous loss of parotid saliva, and were allowed access to 0.6 M NaHCO₃ solution for 2 h daily. Local perfusion within the third cerebral ventricle was performed before and during the access to sodium solution. Four perfusion sites were used: anterior dorsal and ventral, and posterior dorsal and ventral. Perfusion of 200 mM Na-csf caused a decrease in sodium intake at each perfusion site. Perfusion of ouabain, 10⁻⁶M, caused a reduction in sodium intake only during perfusions within the anterior portion of the third ventricle. The results may indicate that specific neuronal elements sensitive to changes in intracellular sodium concentrations are located around the anterior portion of the third cerebral ventricle. These neurones, however, are not exclusive sites from where sodium intake of sodium deplete sheep can be influenced.     

Influence of aminophylline and strychnine on the protective activity of excitatory amino acid antagonists against maximal electroshock-induced convulsions in mice

Summary Aminophylline reversed the protective action of both, D-3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid (D-CPP-ene — a competitive NMDA antagonist) and valproate (used as a conventional antiepileptic drug for comparative purposes) against maximal electroshock-induced seizures. The respective ED₅₀ values of aminophylline were 55.7 and 98.4mg/kg i.p. However, aminophylline (up to 100mg/kg i.p.) did not influence the protective efficacy of 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methyl-enedioxy-5H-2, 3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466 — a non-NMDA antagonist). Strychnine affected the protection provided by D-CPP-ene, GYKI 52466, and valproate against maximal electroshock — the ED₅₀ values of strychnine for the reversal of the anticonvulsive effects of D-CPP-ene, GYKI 52466 or valproate were 0.082, 0.35 and 0.28mg/kg s.c., respectively.An involvement of strychnine sensitive glycinergic receptor-mediated events in the mechanism of the anticonvulsive activity of excitatory amino acid antagonists and valproate may be postulated. The ineffectiveness of aminophylline to reduce the anticonvulsive effects of GYKI 52466 may distinguish a new class of antiepileptic drugs offering an advantage over conventional antiepileptics in patients with epilepsy, requiring aminophylline for pulmonary reasons.     

炎痛喜康控释片在人体内的药动学研究

本文应用高效液相色谱法测定了8名健康受试者自身交叉服用炎痛喜康普通片与控释片(分别服用单剂量20mg)后的血药浓度。用非线性最小二乘模型嵌合的计算机程序对数据进行处理,表明该药在体内为一室模型,并求得各项参数如下:普通片,k_a=1.568h~(-1),k=0.0191h~(-1),V=7.9201,t_(max)=4.4h,C_(max)=2.502μg/ml,AUC=150.04h·μg/ml;控释片,ka=0.185h~(-1),k=0.0223h~(-1),V=7.3561,t_(max)=15.3h,C_(max)=2.048μg/ml,AUC=129.63h·μg/ml.     

Expression of Fos in rat brain in relation to sodium appetite: furosemide and cerebroventricular renin

Two experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between the expression of sodium appetite and the appearance of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the brain of rats. In the first experiment, rats were depleted of sodium by treatment with furosemide 24 h prior to sacrifice and without access to either food or sodium solution. Some rats had access to distilled water, and others had no fluids available during the 24 h. All of the furosemide-treated rats showed Fos-IR in both the subfornical organ (SFO) and around the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT). Rats with access to distilled water during the depletion period showed no Fos-IR in the supraoptic (SON) or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN) and, in parallel behavioral studies, comparably-treated rats consumed only 0.3 M NaCl solution at the end of the 24 h. In rats that had no fluids during the deprivation period, only about one half showed Fos-IR in SON and PVN and, in parallel behavioral studies, comparably treated rats consumed both water and 0.3 M NaCI solution at the end of 24 h. In a second experiment, cerebroventricular administration of renin stimulated short latency intake of 0.3 M NaCI and water. The relative intakes of water and NaCl were comparable at a low dose of renin, but intake of water exceeded that of NaCl after higher doses. Renin induced Fos-IR in SFO, MnPO, peri-OVLT region, SON and PVN. Both Fos-IR and fluid intake were antagonized by administration of losartan, an angiotensin 11 type 1 receptor antagonist. Thus, only the circumventricular organs of the lamina terminalis showed Fos-IR during each natriorexigenic regimen in these studies. These data support the view that Ang 11 of both central and peripheral origin activates the SFO and/or peri-OVLT region and contributes to sodium appetite.     

正常血钾型周期性麻痹SCN4A基因新突变的检测

目的　报道正常血钾型周期性麻痹 (normoPP)一家系的临床特点 ,并筛查SCN4A基因以期发现有义突变。方法　提取知情同意的患者及部分家属外周血基因组DNA ,应用变性高效液相色谱分析 (DHPLC)技术筛查患者SCN4A基因全部 2 4个外显子 ,对发现异常者进行测序分析。结果先证者常规实验室检查未见异常 ,发作期肌酸激酶 (CK) 112 6U/L(正常值 <2 0 0U/L) ,肌电图正常。发作间期行肌肉活检未见显著异常。基因研究发现先证者及其父亲 (患者 )SCN4A基因发生同一新突变G2 10 1A ,并引起氨基酸序列改变Arg6 75Gln。该突变不同于目前发现的明确导致高钾型周期性麻痹(hyperPP)的突变 ,也不同于已知的SCN4A基因所有突变。结论　normoPP患者存在一新突变Arg6 75Gln ,该突变可能与疾病相关。     

背根神经节Nav1.8磷酸化在大鼠糖尿病痛性周围神经病变中的作用

目的 本研究采用射频热凝毁损腰交感神经节,探讨背根神经节（DRG）Nav1．8磷酸化在大鼠糖尿病痛性周围神经病变中的作用。方法 采用腹腔注射链尿佐菌素诱导糖尿病痛性周围神经病变大鼠模型,取造模成功的大鼠20只,随机分为糖尿病对照组（D组）及交感神经节射频热凝组（R组）,每组10只,另取10只同月龄大鼠为正常对照组（C组）。R组大鼠在X光机介导下行右侧L3,4椎旁腰交感神经节射频热凝毁损。分别于射频热凝前、射频热凝后1、2周时,采用von Frey纤维丝测定大鼠右侧后爪对机械性刺激缩足反应的阈值（PWT）;射频热凝后2周,采用Western-blotting方法测定DRG细胞Nav1．8蛋白和苏氨酸磷酸化Nav1．8蛋白表达,并采用透射电镜观察大鼠腓肠神经超微病理结构。结果 与C组比较,射频热凝前D组和R组PWT降低（P＜0．01）。射频热凝后1～2周,R组较D组PWT升高,但仍较C组降低（P＜0．05）。C组髓鞘排列均匀,轴突内可见形态正常的线粒体;D组脱髓鞘明显,髓鞘板层排列紊乱、断裂、肿胀;R组脱髓鞘程度明显减轻,髓鞘板层局部排列紊乱、空泡形成。与C组比较,D组和R组Nav1．8蛋白表达降低（P＜0．05）,而苏氨酸磷酸化Nav1．8蛋白表达增高（P＜0．01）;R组苏氨酸磷酸化Nav1．8蛋白表达低于D组（P＜0．05）。结论 DRG细胞Nav1．8的磷酸化可能是糖尿病痛性周围神经病变大鼠痛觉过敏形成的机制之一。