Behavioral effects of hashish in mice

The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract (20 mg ⁹-THC/kg) on the social interactions between two drug-treated residents and an untreated intruder male were investigated. In this analysis 28 different behavioral elements were recorded.A single drug application suppressed all categories of behavior, except submissive behavior and flight, in dominant and subordinate residents. Treated animals were less active than controls and immobility was very frequent. An elevated total activity, due to an increase in non-social activities, was observed in the untreated intruder males of this group. Social investigation as well as submissive behavior and flight were reduced in these animals.On introduction of an untreated male after the fourth drug treatment of the residents, the drugged males showed tolerance to the sedative and most of the other behavioral effects of the drug, and intruder males behaved quite normally.The formation of a dominant-subordinate relation within the group was influenced neither by a single nor by repeated drug treatment.The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract on social, especially aggressive behavior of males are compared to those described in previous papers and the variation in the results of the different studies is discussed.     

Low doses of oxytocin facilitate social recognition in rats

Social recognition of juveniles by adult male residents has been shown to be modulated by neurohypophyseal hormones. The decrease of social investigation behavior during a second encounter with the same juvenile serves as index for social recognition. In the present study it was found that low doses (0.09–6.0 ng · kg^–1) of oxytocin (OXT) given subcutaneously dose dependently facilitated social recognition. The effect of OXT appeared specific, since no change in social investigation was found when a novel juvenile was tested during the second encounter. No disturbances of social recognition by the low doses of OXT could be detected, in contrast to higher doses of this hormone. Other neurohypophyseal hormones, vasopressin and vasotocin, did not facilitate social recognition when tested in the same range of low doses.     

Behavioral effects of low,acute doses of d-amphetamine on the dyadic interaction between mother and infant vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) during the first six postnatal months

Doses of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/kg body weight) were given to adult monkeys in mother—infant pairs. The fundamental parental care behavior pattern was disrupted and the mother became isolated in a socially withdrawn phase. She did not respond to the calling signals of the infant and showed behavior in which stereotyped self-grooming and/or staring into space were predominant. The reactions of the infant to this amphetamine-induced behavior were different in the two experimental pairs. In group 1 the infant increased its approach—avoidance movements. In group 2 the infant sat very quietly and close in front of the mother. The mother from group 1 reacted to the increased approaches from its ininfant with active rejection. In both groups the mothers did not react with the typical ventral—ventral grasping to either the infants sitting close or to the social anxiety signals of the infants. In spite of differences in behavior changes induced by amphetamine, the main conclusion is that the mothers totally lost their normal and highly biologic significant interest in their infants.     

Effects of support group intervention in postnatally distressed women. A controlled study in Taiwan

Objective: The symptoms of depression experienced by women during the postnatal period may have profound effects on the lifelong health of both the mother and the child. In this randomized controlled study, we systematically evaluated the effects of weekly supportive group meetings for women with postnatal distress. Methods: Sixty postnatally distressed women were randomly assigned to support (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Women assigned to the support group participated in four supportive group sessions that comprised discussions concerning transition to motherhood, postnatal stress management, communication skills, and life planning. Results: Subjects who attended the support sessions had significantly decreased scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and significantly increased scores on the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) as evaluated at the end of the fourth weekly session. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group during this period. Conclusion: This is the first controlled study to provide evidence that participation in support groups for postnatally distressed women provides quantifiable psychosocial benefits.     

Male mice lacking the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) display elevated preference for conspecific odors and increased social investigatory behaviors

Previously, we generated gastrin-releasing peptide receptor null mutant mice (GRP-R-deficient mice), and found that these animals displayed increased non-aggressive social responses in an ordinary social interaction test using a resident-intruder method. In the present study, we examined in more detail the social behaviors of GRP-R-deficient male mice. In social interaction tests, GRP-R-deficient mice showed more social responses, such as sniffing and nosing, relative to wild-type mice, and similar results were obtained whether GRP-R-deficient mice served as intruders or residents. In the same way, they showed more contact behaviors toward an anesthetized conspecific, and less locomotor activity than wild-type mice in a social investigation test toward an anesthetized male mouse. Since olfactory systems play important roles in the social behavior of rodents, olfactory preference tests were conducted in order to evaluate the olfactory properties of GRP-R-deficient mice. The results suggest that no differences exist between wild-type mice and GRP-R-deficient mice in the preference between a novel sawdust odor and their own odor, or that of other male mice. However, GRP-R-deficient mice preferred the odor of other male mice to their own, in contrast to wild-type mice. Furthermore, the preferences of GRP-R-deficient and wild-type mice were not disrupted by intraperitoneal infusion of diazepam (1.5 mg/kg). These results indicate that neither the motion, nor the behavior of conspecifics, nor reduced anxiety lead to the increased non-aggressive social responses and/or social investigatory behaviors in GRP-R-deficient mice. Rather, these latter behaviors may be a consequence of altered cognition of conspecific odors in the mutant mice.     

认识医用超声诊断仪输出声强大于规程要求的危害

探讨超声诊断器仪输出声强大于10mw/cm2时,对人体产生的危害,增强医务人员行业自律意识,提高患者的自我保护意识,医患双方和执法部门共同努力,将这种危害降到最低限度.     

叙事医学模式在与低学历癌症患者沟通中的应用

目的 探讨叙事医学模式在与低学历癌症患者沟通中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2019年3月-2020年4月在四川大学华西医院住院的低学历癌症患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组接受常规护理干预,观察组接受叙事医学护理模式干预,两组均连续干预6个月.于干预前后对两组患者进行焦虑自评量表(SAS)、...     

精神运动康复对住院青壮年精神分裂症患者康复的效果

背景 精神分裂症患者的康复主要依靠药物治疗,然而,单纯药物治疗对患者社会功能和生活质量的改善难以达到预期效果。近年来,非药物康复措施越来越多地应用于精神障碍的治疗中,但关于精神运动康复对住院青壮年精神分裂症患者康复效果影响的研究有限。目的 探讨精神运动康复对住院青壮年精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响,以期为住院青壮年精神分裂症患者的康复治疗提供参考。方法 选取2021年6月—2022年6月在芜湖市第四人民医院住院治疗的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）精神分裂症诊断标准的104例青壮年患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各52例。研究组和对照组均接受利培酮（2~4 mg/d）治疗及常规护理,研究组此基础上接受为期12周、每周2~3次、每次45~55 min的精神运动康复,对照组在研究结束后接受相同干预。于干预前、干预第4、8、12周接受阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、 住院精神病人社会功能评定量表（SSPI）和自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）评定。结果 PANSS阳性症状分量表评分、阴性症状分量表评分、一般精神病理分量表评分、总评分、SSPI评分以及ITAQ评分的时间效应均有统计学意义（F=33.989、204.245、82.817、279.596、26.144、7.463,P均<0.01）;PANSS阴性症状分量表评分、一般精神病理分量表评分、总评分和SSPI评分以及ITAQ评分的组间效应均有统计学意义（F=30.053、5.306、33.417、33.013、18.608,P<0.05或0.01）;PANSS阳性症状分量表评分、阴性症状分量表评分、一般精神病理分量表评分、总评分和SSPI评分的时间与组间交互效应均有统计学意义（F=3.472、9.798、3.843、14.390、20.661,P<0.05或0.01）。干预第12周,研究组PANSS总评分及各分量表评分均低于干预前,SSPI评分高于干预前,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）,且研究组PANSS总评分及各分量表评分均低于对照组,SSPI评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。结论 精神运动康复可能有助于改善住院青壮年精神分裂症患者的精神病性症状和社会功能,提高康复效果。     

How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system

There is a growing recognition in the fields of public health and medicine that social determinants of health (SDOH) play a key role in driving health inequities and disparities among various groups, such that a focus upon individual-level medical interventions will have limited effects without the consideration of the macro-level factors that dictate how effectively individuals can manage their health. While the health impacts of mass incarceration have been explored, less attention has been paid to how the “war on drugs” in the United States exacerbates many of the factors that negatively impact health and wellbeing, disproportionately impacting low-income communities and people of colour who already experience structural challenges including discrimination, disinvestment, and racism. The U.S. war on drugs has subjected millions to criminalisation, incarceration, and lifelong criminal records, disrupting or altogether eliminating their access to adequate resources and supports to live healthy lives. This paper examines the ways that “drug war logic” has become embedded in key SDOH and systems, such as employment, education, housing, public benefits, family regulation (commonly referred to as the child welfare system), the drug treatment system, and the healthcare system. Rather than supporting the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities, the U.S. drug war has exacerbated harm in these systems through practices such as drug testing, mandatory reporting, zero-tolerance policies, and coerced treatment. We argue that, because the drug war has become embedded in these systems, medical practitioners can play a significant role in promoting individual and community health by reducing the impact of criminalisation upon healthcare service provision and by becoming engaged in policy reform efforts.

KEY MESSAGES

• A drug war logic that prioritises and justifies drug prohibition, criminalisation, and punishment has fuelled the expansion of drug surveillance and control mechanisms in numerous facets of everyday life in the United States negatively impacting key social determinants of health, including housing, education, income, and employment.
• The U.S. drug war’s frontline enforcers are no longer police alone but now include physicians, nurses, teachers, neighbours, social workers, employers, landlords, and others.
• Physicians and healthcare providers can play a significant role in promoting individual and community health by reducing the impact of criminalisation upon healthcare service provision and engaging in policy reform.

     

从宏观结构及微观分布揭示医学学科发展战略情报

选择ESI免疫学高被引论文为数据源,对高频主题词与来源文献进行双聚类分析,绘制战略坐标图谱和社会网络图谱并将两者结果相互融合嵌入。社会网络分析嵌入战略坐标,从宏观结构和微观分布揭示全球免疫学领域热点结构与内部主题分布情况,为该领域发展方向提供参考。