Sini Powder extract produces antidepressant-like effects in a chronic social defeat stress model of depression in tree shrews

Sini Power (SP) is a famed traditional Chinese formula that has long been used to treat depression. Here, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of SP extract on an established model of depression: chronic stressed tree shrew, which mimics the human condition of social stress. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Except for the naïve group, the other animalswere subjected to daily social defeat stress for 5 weeks, and during the last 4 weeks treated with SP extract (3.6 g/kg/d), fluoxetine (15 mg/kg/d), and vehicle, respectively. The results showed that SP extract could reverse body weight loss to a certain extent and reduce the levels of urine/serum cortisol that were initially increased by chronic social defeat. In addition, SP extract increased hippocampus norepinephrine concentrations. Our data suggested that SP extract had positive effects on the main depression symptoms in the chronic stressed tree shrew model and that it may be used to help control hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity.     

曲唑酮治疗精神分裂症伴发焦虑症状31例

摘要目的探讨曲唑酮对伴发焦虑症状的精神分裂症患者的疗效。方法伴发焦虑症状的精神分裂症患者61例,随机分为治疗组31例,对照组30例。两组原有抗精神病药物治疗不变,治疗组加用曲唑酮25～100 mg•d－1,po。在治疗前及治疗后第4,8周末均用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定焦虑的严重程度,用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）评定精神分裂症的病情程度,用个人和社会功能量表（PSP）评定其社会功能。结果治疗组和对照组在第8周末的HAMA总分分别为（15.32±4.13）,（17.97±3.54）分;躯体性焦虑因子分分别为（7.32±2.86）,（9.10±2.55）分（P＜0.05）;BPRS总分分别为（32.45±3.33）,（34.77±4.63）分（P＜0.05）;焦虑忧郁因子分分别为（8.48±0.81）,（10.90±2.03）分（P＜0.01）;PSP评分分别为（70.55±5.21）,（66.17±6.07）分（P＜0.01）。结论曲唑酮治疗伴发焦虑症状精神分裂症患者,在改善焦虑症状的同时也有利于病情的改善及社会功能的恢复。     

Listening to the rural health workers in Papua New Guinea - the social factors that influence their motivation to work

Despite rural health services being situated and integrated within communities in which people work and live, the complex interaction of the social environment on health worker motivation and performance in Low Middle Income Countries has been neglected in research. In this article we investigate how social factors impact on health worker motivation and performance in rural health services in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 33 health workers from three provinces (Central, Madang, and Milne Bay) in PNG between August and November 2009. They included health extension officers, community health workers and nursing officers, some of whom were in charge of the health centres. The health centres were a selection across church based, government and private enterprise health facilities. Qualitative analysis identified the key social factors impacting on health worker motivation and performance to be the local community context, gender roles and family related issues, safety and security and health beliefs and attitudes of patients and community members. Our study identified the importance of strong supportive communities on health worker motivation. These findings have implications for developing sustainable strategies for motivation and performance enhancement of rural health workers in resource poor settings.     

Social capital and health of older Europeans: causal pathways and health inequalities

This study uses a time-based approach to examine the causal relationship (Granger-like) between health and social capital for older people in Europe. We use panel data from waves 1 and 2 of SHARE (the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) for the analysis. Additional wave 3 data on retrospective life histories (SHARELIFE) are used to model the initial conditions in the model. For each of the first 2 waves, a dummy variable for involvement in social activities (voluntary associations, church, social clubs, etc.) is used as a proxy for social capital as involvement in Putnamesque associations; and seven health dichotomous variables are retained, covering a wide range of physical and mental health measures. A bivariate recursive Probit model is used to simultaneously investigate (i) the influence of baseline social capital on current health - controlling for baseline health and other current covariates, and (ii) the impact of baseline health on current participation in social activities - controlling for baseline social capital and other current covariates. As expected, we account for a reversed causal effect: individual social capital has a causal beneficial impact on health and vice-versa. However, the effect of health on social capital appears to be significantly higher than the social capital effect on health. These results indicate that the sub-population reaching 50 years old in good health has a higher propensity to take part in social activities and to benefit from it. Conversely, the other part of the population in poor health at 50, may see their health worsening faster because of the missing beneficial effect of social capital. Social capital may therefore be a potential vector of health inequalities for the older population.     

共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。     

Investments in social capital--implications of social interactions for the production of health

This paper develops a theoretical model of the family as producer of health- and social capital. There are both direct and indirect returns on the production and accumulation of health- and social capital. Direct returns (the consumption motives) result since health and social capital both enhance individual welfare per se. Indirect returns (the investment motives) result since health capital increases the amount of productive time, and social capital improves the efficiency of the production technology used for producing health capital. The main prediction of the theoretical model is that the amount of social capital is positively related to the level of health; individuals with high levels of social capital are healthier than individuals with lower levels of social capital, ceteris paribus. An empirical model is estimated, using a set of individual panel data from three different time periods in Sweden. We find that social capital is positively related to the level of health capital, which supports the theoretical model. Further, we find that the level of social capital (1) declines with age, (2) is lower for those married or cohabiting, and (3) is lower for men than for women.     

社会心理因素对中年脑梗塞发病的影响

[目的]研究社会心理因素对中年脑梗塞患者发病的影响。[方法]应用生活事件量表、A型行为类型评定量表、社会支持量表、特质应对方式问卷对48例中年脑梗塞患者及60例健康体检者进行病例对照研究。[结果]独居、消极应对、积极应对、主观支持、对支持的利用度、行为类型、正性事件刺激量、负性事件刺激量、事件刺激总量病例组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析发现:独居、负性事件刺激量与脑梗塞呈正相关,而积极应对、对支持的利用度与脑梗塞呈负相关。[结论]中年脑梗塞患者发病前有明显的社会心理因素,应加强心理卫生保健工作。     

孕产妇死亡的高危社会性因素研究分析

目的研究可能影响孕产妇死亡的社会性因素,以便加强孕产妇的管理,从而降低其死亡风险。方法以48例死亡孕产妇作为观察组,按照1∶3配对选择目前怀孕的孕妇作为对照组,调查两组的社会因素分布情况,采用卡方检验方法检出在两组中分布中具有统计学意义的社会性因素。结果孕妇年龄、孕妇或其丈夫的文化程度、家庭人均收入、孕期建卡时间、孕期检查次数、户口性质、分娩机构、计划生育、交通状况、孕期保健知识了解程度等10个社会性因素的影响可能增加孕产妇死亡的风险。结论加强筛选高危社会性因素,有针对性地加强此类高危孕产妇的管理,有助于降低孕产妇死亡的发生。     

衡阳市HIV感染长期不进展者保护性社会机制研究

目的对确证的长期不进展HIV感染者（LTNP）进行回顾性调查分析,试图发现HIV感染长期不进展者保护性社会机制发挥的作用。方法从艾滋病综合防治信息数据库筛选出2007年10月-2011年10月在衡阳市疾病预防控制中心检测CD4＋T细胞的HIV感染者中LTNP者40例,同时随机选取快速进展者47例作为对照组。对两组人群进行问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学特征、HIV感染者性行为近五年满意度、心理因素、经济状况、健康情况及主动参加社会活动等方面,通过卡方检验分析相关性。结果共调查87例HIV感染者,平均47.4岁,其中40～50岁占45.98%。通过卡方检验,两组之间经济因素、社会活动、心理状况等因素差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论本研究得出HIV长期不进展者相对HIV感染组的生活质量较好,诸多因素中工作及经济收入、防艾知识、医疗保障、社会活动和AIDS耻辱等是保护因素,可应用于制定针对性的保护措施。     

医师多点执业监管体系的构想

医师多点执业是我国2009年新医改中提出的一项新制度,已陆续在全国部分地区试点推行,引起了医药卫生行业乃至全社会的广泛关注.本研究介绍了医师多点执业的概念,探讨了对其进行监督管理的必要性,阐述了相关主体在监管过程中的职责和作用,提出按照“社会管理”的思路构建医师多点执业监管体系,构想了一个“精细化、信息化、动态化、社会化”的监管模式,旨在为我国构建医师多点执业的监管体系提供一个参考路径.