干细胞概念教学

目的:学术交流,总结教学经验,提高学识和教学水平。方法:查阅文献,讲解要点,交流体会。结果:培养关注干细胞研究的兴趣,提高认识水平。结论:干细胞概念尚在发展,关注其研究进展,及时交流具有重要意义。     

Teaching medical students about the appropriateness of social and sexual contact between doctors and their patients: evaluation of a programme

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an educational intervention on medical students' attitudes toward social and sexual contact with patients by doctors from three medical specialties (general practice, obstetrics/gynaecology and psychiatry). Medical students from two consecutive fifth year classes at one medical school participated in one 3 hour session that included instruction on the standards of the profession that prohibit doctor–patient sexual contact. Students were assigned to either intervention groups or control groups and responded to an anonymous questionnaire (overall response rate 66·8% ; n=141). As many as 14·5% of control group students thought it was (sometimes or usually) appropriate for general practitioners to date their own patients and at least 3% thought it appropriate for members of any of these three medical specialties to engage in sexual contact with their own patients. However, there were no significant differences in attitudes toward hugging, dating or sexual contact with current patients between those who had attended the seminar and the control groups. The session significantly influenced attitudes regarding obstetrician/gynaecologists and psychiatrists hugging and having sexual contact with former patients. These findings are discussed in relation to a need for expansion of such instruction.     

Teaching sociology of medicine: the group process

As a part of any curriculum reorganization, new instructional methods are also tested. When the University of Turku sociology of medicine course was found to need renovation, its goals and objectives, content and instructional methods were closely examined and modified, in order to strengthen institutional and multiprofessional relations and reinforce sociocultural issues in doctors' competence with the patient. This paper discusses this change, emphasizing teaching and learning methodology.     

扩大经额硬膜外入路切除巨大侵袭性垂体瘤

目的:探讨采用扩大的经额硬膜外入路切除巨大侵袭性垂体瘤的临床应用.方法:1997年6月至2002年3月采用该入路显微外科切除巨大侵袭性垂体瘤10例,肿瘤主要累及于鞍上、蝶筛窦及上斜坡区.结果:本组10例中,肿瘤全切6例,次全切除3例,大部分切除1例.术后发生颅神经麻痹4例,其中动眼神经障碍3例,外展神经障碍1例.全组无手术死亡.术后影像学随访6～24个月,全切除肿瘤病例未见肿瘤复发,次全切除者无明显增大.结论:该入路可充分显露鞍区肿瘤,术野开阔,对脑组织损伤小,适用于已侵犯蝶筛窦区及上斜坡的侵袭性垂体瘤.     

An analysis of paediatric diagnostic decision-making: how should students be taught?

This study assesses the relative importance of history, examination and investigations in paediatric diagnosis, in the Paediatric Out-patient Department of the Central Middlesex Hospital, London, by means of a questionnaire-based record of 94 consecutive referrals. A diagnosis identical to the final diagnosis was made in 76% of referrals after taking a history. The general practitioner had proposed a diagnosis in 45% in the referral letter. Clinical examination changed the diagnosis in only 15% but increased diagnostic confidence in 33%. Ninety-one per cent of cases were diagnosed without recourse to investigations. Forty-two per cent of children referred had investigations performed. In the majority of paediatric cases the provisional diagnosis reached after taking a history was identical to that after examination or results of investigations were known. Although examination provided a final diagnosis in only 15% of all cases it played an important role in adding confidence in 33%. More educational effort should therefore be directed at clinical history-taking skills and the subsequent purpose of examination.     

显微神经外科技术及翼点入路在鞍区肿瘤手术的应用

目的：总结98例鞍区肿瘤患者经翼点入路显微手术治疗及翼点入路应用体会。方法：按照翼点入路各项操作步骤行鞍区肿瘤切除98例，介绍了操作方法并讨论显微神经外科技术在鞍区肿瘤手术中的应用，及不同部位肿瘤作相应手术操作调整的方法。结果：鞍区肿瘤应用翼点入路进行显微手术操作可良好显露鞍区及肿瘤各显微解剖结构以及手术操作平台，使其肿瘤全切率及患者预后得到明显提高。结论：显微神经外科技术及翼点入路手术操作的掌握和熟练程度的提高是显微神经外科技术的关键及获得良好手术效果的基础。     

浅谈妇产科学的兴趣教学

本文以心理学为依据，探讨了在妇产科学这门课程中实行兴趣教学的重要意义，并联系实践说明了兴趣教学的方法多样性和选择性。     

经胼胝体穹隆间人路切除下丘脑内型错构瘤

目的探讨下丘脑内型错构瘤的手术治疗方法。方法报告4例下丘脑内型错构瘤,采用右额后开颅经胼胝体-透明隔-穹隆间入路切除下丘脑内型错构瘤。结果4例均为儿童,男女为31,均以癫痫发作为主要症状,错构瘤为大部切除或部分切除,术后低钠血症1例,轻度尿崩1例,无其他合并症。随诊半年至1.5年,无任何癫痫发作。结论经胼胝体-透明膈-穹隆间入路是下丘脑内型错构瘤的最佳手术入路,错构瘤大部切除或部分切除即可取得满意疗效。     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a renal tumor with tumor-feeding artery ligation: Left renal cell carcinoma in the posterior mid zone

The most serious problem regarding a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is how to perform bloodless excision without causing renal ischemia in a limited working space. We report the case of a 65-year-old man with left small renal cell carcinoma in the posterior mid zone who underwent a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy through a retroperitoneal approach by carrying out the ligation of the tumor-feeding artery, but without clamping the renal pedicle. Both preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) and intraoperative ultrasonography revealed the tumor to be fully encapsulated. The tumor-feeding artery could be exposed by dissection from the renal hilum and, after an arterial ligation, tumor resection with a safety margin was smoothly performed with minimal bleeding. Postoperatively, CT revealed a limited defect of the renal parenchyma and excretory pyelography showed no urine leakage or urinary tract obstruction. The preoperative and postoperative creatinine levels were 0.66 and 0.69 mg/dL, respectively. As a result, a tumor-feeding artery ligation with a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for left renal cell carcinoma in the posterior mid zone is considered to be an effective surgical modality which avoids renal ischemia and pelvic heat injury.     

Chronic Fatigue: A Survey, Outcome Study and Proposals

Background:  Sample sizes in studies of childhood chronic fatigue remain small and there is a need to integrate research findings and establish common criteria.
Method:  This is a detailed report of 20 children with medically unexplained fatigue, referred to as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). It includes an uncontrolled outcome study of treatment based on a pragmatic cognitive-behavioural model adapted for children at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.
Results:  The data revealed psychological distress at 30 times the prevalence found in the normal child population, with specific high-ranking symptoms, including headache, social withdrawal and decreased appetite. Onset tended to occur at 11 years of age with some earlier problems at school age, suggesting it might be possible to identify those most at risk. Follow-up demonstrated improvement in 87% of the sample (parental report), a significant increase in school attendance and a significant decrease in symptom severity. Factors associated with good outcome were short duration of fatigue (less than a year) and behaviours that tended to combat the cycle of avoidance, such as carefully planned home-tuition.
Conclusions:  Recording a comprehensive range of symptoms and factors facilitates comparisons within and between child studies. It is proposed that symptom severity is a particularly relevant measure for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome which is characterised by persisting symptoms.