Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability

Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with potential health-promoting effects. They are classified as flavonoid (flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) and non-flavonoid molecules (phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and tannins). Although an increasing number of trials have shown a correlation among polyphenol consumption and a reduction in risk factors for chronic diseases, discrepancies in explaining their positive effects have been found in terms of the bioavailability. In fact, polyphenols show a low bioavailability due to several factors: interaction with the food matrix, the metabolic processes mediated by the liver (phase I and II metabolism), intestine and microbiota. On the other hand, the biological activities of phenol compounds may be mediated by their metabolites, which are produced in vivo, and recent studies have confirmed that these molecules may have antioxidant and anti-phlogistic properties. This review discusses the studies performed in vivo, which consider the polyphenol bioavailability and their different food sources. Factors influencing the biological effects of the main classes of polyphenols are also considered.     

Neighborhood social environments,healthy resources,and adult diabetes: Accounting for activity space exposures

This study broadens contextual environments to include adults’ activity spaces—inside and outside the residential neighborhood—to examine how contextual exposures shape type 2 diabetes risk. We use novel longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, construct time-weighted exposure measures of adults’ social-structural and healthy resource environments, and execute random effects logistic models predicting the probability of being diabetic. Results indicate that residential and activity space exposures are independently associated with adult diabetes, and that residential and activity space healthy resources combine to influence diabetes risk in synergistic ways. Living in more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods reduces diabetes risk, particularly when spending time in activity spaces with greater access to recreational facilities. Moreover, healthier activity space environments may compensate for living in neighborhoods devoid of healthy food options to lessen diabetes risk. Adopting an activity space framework can inform multilevel interventions aimed at alleviating type 2 diabetes and other chronic ailments.     

两种拟除虫菊酯对地面游离蚤的现场灭效试验

本文报道作者对新加坡利农有限公司生产的两种拟除虫菊酯:阿尔发特3％乳油(氯氰菊酯)及虫赛死2.5％乳油(溴氰菊酯)对地面游离蚤的现场灭效试验。结果氯氰菊酯的校正灭蚤率为89.14％;溴氰菊酯为82.09％。说明该公司生产的这两种拟除虫菊酯对居民区蚤类有较好的杀虫效果,可在控制家鼠鼠疫灭蚤中推广使用。     

维甲酸对二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝癌的抑制作用

探讨维甲酸（RA）对二乙基亚硝胺（DENA）诱发大鼠肝癌发病过程的作用,从第11周开始,对DENA诱癌的Wistar大鼠隔日腹腔注射RA,每只动物连续给药10次,并设对照组,在诱癌满16周时,每组处死7只,观察比较各组大鼠肝脏形成的大于等于3mm和大于等于5mm的结节数和所见最大结节的体积,给药结束后大加其他措施直至死亡,计算生存时间,在给药前,结束时和给药后20d分别记录大鼠体重,实验发现,治疗组肝切面结节数显著小于对照组（P＜0．05）,结节体积也显著小于对照组（P＜0．05）,与对照组相比,治疗组的生存时间延长55．8％（P＜0．05）,但体重差异不明显,结果提示,RA可明显减轻DENA诱发大鼠肝硬化的程度,形成肝癌结节的数目的大小,并延缓其发展,而且可延长荷瘤大鼠的生存时间。     

心导管术后的外周血管并发症及其处理

目的 探讨心导管术后的外周血管并发症的发生原因、临床表现和处理方法。方法 对心导管术后有外周血管并发症的患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 本院1996年1月-2000年1月共完成各类心导管术508例,发现外周血管并发症28例（5.5%),其中局部血肿22例,假性动脉瘤1例,动脉静瘘1例,静脉血栓形成2例,动脉血栓形成1例,股神经功能障碍1例。所有并发症经内科保守治疗后均好转。结论 心导管术后外周血管并发症不可忽视。但只要及时处理。绝大多数预后良好。     

阿斯匹林对胃癌细胞株SGC-7901的细胞毒作用及体外增效作用

目的：观察阿斯匹林（ASA）对胃癌细胞株SGC－7901的细胞毒作用以及联用其它抗肿瘤药的增效作用。方法：应用流式细胞仪（FCM）测定细胞周期,噻唑蓝（MTT）法测定药物细胞的抑制率。结果：MTT显示体外ASA对SGC－7901有细胞毒作用,与ASA的浓度和作用时间有显著的相关性。同时可使SGC－7901细胞周期中S期及G2／M期比例升高,G1期比例下降,呈一定的剂量效应关系。低浓度ASA与5－氟脲噻啶（5－Fu)、阿霉素（DOX）和丝列霉素（MMC）合用,可增强它们对SGC－7901的杀伤作用,与各药物有相加或协同作用。结论：ASA体外对SGC－7901有细胞毒作用,可明显阻断SGC－7901细胞在S期和G2／M期;增强上述药物对SGC－7901的杀伤作用。鉴于所试药物对细胞周期的影响不同,提示ASA的体外增效作用可能与此相关。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇滴眼地兔眼部炎症作用的研究

目的：研究酮咯酸氨丁三醇滴眼液（KTOS）对家兔化学性及外伤性眼部炎症的作用。方法：用巴豆油致炎液经角膜注入眼前房法制备兔眼部急性化学炎症模型;用重物击打眼睑法制备兔眼部急性外伤性炎症模型。将致炎后的动物随机分组给药,并参照眼部炎症评判标准进行评分统计。结果：各KTOS剂量组对外伤性和化学性眼部炎症作用的评分均低于生理盐水组;小剂量KTOS虽有作用,但无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,而中、大剂量KTOS均有明显改善外伤性和化学性眼部炎症的作用（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）;其中对化学性眼部炎症的作用与地塞米松作用相似,对外伤性眼部炎症的作用优于地塞米松。结论：KTOS对外伤性和化学性眼部炎症均有明显的抗炎作用,对外伤性眼部炎症的抗炎作用更强。     

A paradoxical decline in semen parameters in men treated with clomiphene citrate: A systematic review

Clomiphene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, has been utilised in managing male sub-fertility since 1967. Numerous controlled and uncontrolled studies have been published regarding the efficacy of clomiphene citrate in male sub-fertility cohorts. Although the primary intention of treating men with clomiphene citrate is to improve sperm parameters and testosterone levels, some studies have reported paradoxical decline in semen parameters. The information available on decline in sperm parameters following treatment with clomiphene is sparse. We conducted a systemic review using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases for original studies reporting adverse effects of clomiphene citrate therapy on sperm parameters. This systematic review includes 384 men from 11 different studies that reported adverse effects of clomiphene citrate therapy. Of the men included in these studies, 19%, 21%, 17% and 24% of clomiphene-treated men demonstrated a decrease in sperm count, concentration, motility and total motile sperm count respectively. In up to 17% of patients, deterioration of semen parameters did not recover following discontinuation of therapy. In the future, more studies should report on this aspect so the magnitude of this effect can be more clearly understood.     

Intraosseous Regional Administration of Vancomycin in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Increase the Risk of Vancomycin-Associated Complications

BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare but major complication. Owing to an increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria causing PJI, vancomycin has been investigated as a prophylactic agent. Intraosseous regional administration (IORA) of vancomycin achieves significantly higher local tissue concentrations than systemic administration. There are limited data on IORA of vancomycin with respect to vancomycin-associated complications.MethodsSingle-surgeon retrospective review of primary TKA was performed between January 2015 and May 2019. All patients received 500 mg of IORA of vancomycin after tourniquet inflation and 3 × 1 g intravenous cefazolin in 24 hrs. Preoperative data collected included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We documented in-hospital complications and complications requiring readmission within 12 months. Primary outcome measures were the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), ‘red man syndrome’ (RMS), and neutropenia. The secondary outcome measure was PJI incidence.ResultsWe identified 631 primary TKAs in 556 patients, of which 331 received IORA. The mean age was 67.7 ± 8.7 years, and 57.8% were women. CKD was prevalent in 17.2% of the cohort. AKI occurred in 25 (3.9%) cases. After controlling for covariates, CKD was the only significant predictor of AKI (odds ratio = 3.035, P = .023). RMS and neutropenia were not observed in this cohort. The 90-day PJI rate was 0%, and the 1-year PJI rate was 0.2%.ConclusionsLow-dose IORA of vancomycin in addition to standard intravenous systemic cefazolin prophylaxis in TKA is safe without significant adverse effects of vancomycin such as AKI, RMS, or neutropenia.