多普勒超声观察运动前后分流量变化 评估房缺患儿心肺储备功能

目的探讨多普勒超声检测先天性心脏病房间隔缺损（ASD）患儿运动前后分流量的改变对评估心肺储备功能的价值。方法对35例先天性ASD患儿,运动前股动脉取血2 ml进行血气分析;采用经胸多普勒于剑下四腔心和胸骨旁四腔心切面观测房间隔缺损大小,测量分流量;同时以M型超声测量左心室射血分数、肺动脉压、主肺动脉根部内径等指标。运动后立即取动脉血做血气分析,同时测量上述各项指标改变。术后48-72 h检测肺动脉压、血氧分压、主肺动脉根部内径及左心室射血分数等指标。结果运动后缺损处分流量较运动前减少（P〈0.05）,肺动脉压有不同程度的升高、动脉血氧分压下降（P均〈0.05）;左心室射血分数和主肺动脉根部内径无明显变化。术后48-72 h检测肺动脉压25例下降明显,10例下降不明显,动脉血氧分压等指标与运动后相比差异无统计学意义。结论多普勒超声检测先天性ASD患儿运动前后分流量的变化可间接反应其心肺功能储备状况,为临床手术适应证的选择及预后判断提供理论依据。     

42例颅脑外伤后并发脑积水临床诊治观察

目的探讨颅脑外伤并发脑积水的临床点和治疗效果。方法选择我院2001年1月至2009年1月颅脑外伤后并发脑积水患者42例,分析其临床表现、影像学特点。42例均采用脑室-腹腔（V-P）分流术。结果24例基本痊愈,15例好转,3例出现分流管堵塞,行二次手术后病情好转。除2例死亡外,其余40例均进行随访,2例精神症状未见恢复外,其余均恢复正常生活与工作。结论外伤性脑积水是颅脑外伤中较常见的并发症,临床上要及早诊断及时处理,选择合适的分流手术是提高患者的治愈率的关键。     

The First Neurosurgical Analysis of 8 Korean Children with Sotos Syndrome

Objective

Sotos Syndrome is characterized by macrocephaly, overgrowth, and developmental delay, and more than 300 patients have been reported worldwide to date. The authors reviewed the clinical characteristics of 8 patients with Sotos Syndrome in Korea for a new understanding and treatment strategies.

Methods

The medical records of a total of eight Korean children with Sotos Syndrome were reviewed. All patients underwent developmental checkup, lumbar punctures for measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP), brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography.

Results

All 8 patients showed macrocephaly and the characteristic craniofacial features of Sotos Syndrome. Other clinical characteristics shown were overgrowth (7/8), developmental delay (7/8), congenital heart defect (3/8), flat foot (8/8), scoliosis (4/8), spina bifida (8/8), hydrocephalus (4/8), cavum vergae (3/8), and increased subdural fluid collection (5/8). Mean ICP measured via lumbar puncture was 27.35±6.25 cm H₂O (range 20 to 36 cm H₂O). Two patients received ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, and 1 patient underwent subduro-peritoneal shunt with improvement. Spinal orthosis was applied to 4/5 patients with scoliosis and 4/8 children with flat foot were provided with foot orthosis.

Conclusion

In this first Korean study of 8 Sotos Syndrome patients we demonstrated the presence of spina bifida and increased ICP, which had not been previously described. The authors therefore suggest that all patients with Sotos Syndrome should undergo examination for the presence of spina bifida, and that shunt procedures would improve development and alleviate clinical symptoms.     

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal meningitis treated with intrathecal streptomycin

Enterococcal meningitis is a rare complication of neurosurgical procedures. We present a patient who developed vancomycin-resistant enterococcal ventriculitis - meningitis after a brain tumor resection and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, treated successfully with intrathecal streptomycin through bilateral cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters in addition to systemic antibiotics. This is the first report of such treatment for this resistant organism.     

A novel device for the clearance and prevention of blockages within biomedical catheters

Biomedical catheters are commonly used to move fluids from one part of the body to another, or remove them from the body completely. In some instances, these catheters become occluded due to blood or other debris. Such occlusions may prove fatal or require re-operation with enormous costs and effects on the health-care system and the individual. We developed a model of occlusion in both a ventriculo-peritoneal shut system and en external ventricular drain. Having demonstrated that occlusions can be reliably generated in a manner that resembles the clinical situation we show that vibration can clear the blockages. Vibration in the 50–60 Hz range was able to maintain patency in the catheters or to clear the blockage when the catheter was completely occluded. In high concentrations of blood, 150 s of vibration applied every 30 min was able to maintain the patency of the catheter. Clinically, as the level of blood in the fluid decreases, the time intervals between vibration applications could be increased. We believe that vibration offers a safe, non-invasive method to maintain the patency of biomedical catheters.     

Gastrostomy and internal cerebrospinal fluid shunt in adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of infection

BackgroundHydrocephalus is a frequent neurological condition, commonly treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS), a neurosurgical procedure with significant risk of infection. Some severely brain-injured hydrocephalic patients with swallowing dysfunction may require percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). There are few data on the safety of PEG in patients with VPS, with contradictory results reported.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the rate of VPS infection in the setting of PEG.MethodsSix databases were searched for the period January 1990 to June 2022. Only original articles reporting the rate of shunt infection in the setting of PEG in adults were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to assess the rate of infection.ResultsFifteen of the 1,703 identified articles were selected, reporting 701 internal cerebrospinal fluid shunts, with 63 infections. The pooled rate of infection in patients with both PEG and VPS was 7.41% (95% CI [3.67–14.38]). There was a significantly higher risk of VPS infection in the PEG group vs. the control group with VPS without PEG: relative risk (RR) = 2.33 (95% CI [1.11–4.89]). On the other hand, the risk of infection was the same whether the PEG was placed before or after the VPS surgery: RR = 1.05 (95% CI [0.57–1.92]).ConclusionGastrostomy tube placement is a significant risk factor for VPS infection. However, onset of infection was not related to the sequence of or interval between VPS and PEG.Trial registrationThis meta-analysis is registered in https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, PROSPERO ID: CRDCRD42022326774.     

Pleurovenous shunt in treating refractory nonmalignant hepatic hydrothorax: a case report

We report a case of successful, long-term pleurovenous shunt (PVS) in treating refractory nonmalignant hepatic hydrothorax. An 82-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis, hypertension complicated with chronic renal failure while on hemodialysis, presented with progressive dyspnea in association with a recurrent right-sided pleural effusion, occurring secondary to transdiaphragmatic migration of ascites. The diagnosis was established by a demonstration of (99m)Tc-sulphur colloid sequential scintigraphic scan. Despite repetitive thoracenteses and traditional medical treatment, she suffered dyspnea without relief. Denver peritoneovenous shunt was inserted into the right-sided pleural cavity to drain effusion into the subclavian vein without short- and long-term complications. Manually pumping schedule of 10 min was performed twice daily to remove pleural fluid into the venous circulation for maintaining shunt patency. After 19 months of follow-up, the patient is doing well and PVS remains patent without significant pleural effusion. PVS opens a window of opportunity and offers an alternative procedure with minimal invasiveness for high-risk patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. It could be an alternative treatment to other conventional surgical interventions.     

Warren手术治疗小儿门脉高压症50例分析

目的 探讨保留脾脏、远端脾静脉肾静脉分流手术（Warren手术）治疗小儿门脉高压症的临床效果.方法 1999年10月至2012年12月,我们收治门脉高压症患儿50例,年龄3～15岁.男18例,女32例.患儿表现为反复消化道出血,食管静脉曲张,脾功能亢进.门静脉主干呈海绵窦样改变36例,Carolis病合并肝纤维化3例,先天性肝纤维化9例,门静脉发育不良1例,门静脉海绵样变Rex术后复发1例.Child-pugh评分均为A级（5～7分）,脾静脉直径6.0 ～ 15.0 mm,平均（9.8±2.2）mm.术中先经小肠系膜Ⅲ级静脉和脾静脉分支行静脉压力测定及造影,将脾静脉游离,于距肠系膜下静脉0.5 cm处切断,与左肾静脉端-侧吻合.结果 所有患儿实施远端脾-肾分流手术,手术时间255～ 370 min,平均手术时间232 min,术中失血10～ 30 mL.分流后门静脉和脾静脉压力均下降,门静脉压力分流后较分流前显著降低（P=0.026）;脾静脉压力分流后较分流前明显降低（P =0.007）.迄今为止随访时间跨度为0.5～11年.随访期间,患儿脾脏缩小,血红蛋白、白细胞、血小板恢复正常,无一例出现脑病.B超检查显示49例脾肾静脉吻合口通畅,1例术后1个月发现脾肾吻合口闭合,经再次手术治疗痊愈.结论 Warren手术治疗小儿门脉高压症效果显著,能有效降低小儿门脉高压术后食管静脉曲张再出血的发生率,保证入肝血流,减少肝性脑病的发生,是治疗小儿门脉高压症较理想的术式.     

肝硬化门静脉高压时脾、胃-肾静脉分流的超声诊断

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流的彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）表现及其在诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流的21例CDFI图像特征。结果（1）自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流声像图特点是脾、胃区与左肾之间异常走行的迂曲管道,频谱多普勒示其内血流为类似门静脉样频谱,动态观察可见其与左肾静脉相通;（2）在分流支较为粗大时可有间接的声像图表现：肝侧脾静脉内为离肝血流信号;左肾静脉内径增宽、血流速度增快及频谱形态改变。结论门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流具有典型的CDFI图像,可作为超声诊断的重要依据。     

吸入氧浓度对急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断的影响

目的 探讨吸入氧浓度(FiO2)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合指数(P/F=PaO2/FiO2)的影响及其临床意义.方法 采用前瞻性研究,选择16例PEEP≥5 cmH2O(1 mmHg=0.098 kPa)时P/F为100～200 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)需机械通气的ARDS患者,实施肺复张(BIPAP,PH 40 cmH2O,40 s)后维持基线通气,稳定30 min后,按随机顺序设定FiO2为0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9和1.采用SPSS 13.0统计软件比较不同FiO2下患者呼吸力学、血气及血流动力学各指标的变化及其相关性.结果 随FiO2增加P/F逐渐增加,FiO2增加至0.7以上,P/F增加更加明显,FiO2分别为0.5和1.0两组进行比较,P/F的变化为24.70%±23.36%;6例(37.5%)患者FiO2为0.5时P/F＜200,而FiO2为1.0时P/F＞200;FiO2与Qs/Qt呈负相关(r=-0.390,P=0.027),吸入氧浓度越高,分流越小,FiO2为0.5和1.0时△Qs/Qt与△P/F呈正相关(r=0.82,P=0.005).结论 吸入氧浓度影响ARDS患者的氧合指数,从而可能影响ARDS的诊断,这与其对肺内分流的影响有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the influence of inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) on the ratio of PaO2/FiO2(P/F) during the implementation of lung protective ventilation strategy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) in order to unravel its clinical significance. Method This was a prospective study of 16 selected patients with ARDS treated with mechanical ventilation ( MV ) to get ratio of P/F in range of 100 to 200 by PEEP≥5 cmH2O and high inspired oxygen. After lung recruitment maneuvers by BiPAP with high pressure (PH) of 40 cmH2O for40 s, the MV was maintained the basic requirement for stabilizing the patients for 30 minutes. A series of FiO2 were set at fractions of 0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9 and 1in random sequence, and the changes of respiratory mechanics, blood gas and hemodynamics under the different concentrations of FiO2 were analyzed by using SPSS version 13.0 software. Results ( 1 ) The ratio of P/F increased as FiO2 increased, and it's significant as FiO2 increased to 0.7 or above. As the fractions of FiO2 were set at 0.5 and 1. O, the ratios of P/F changed in 24.70% ± 23.36% respectively. ( 2 ) Of them,6 patients ( 37.5% ) treated with FiO2 set at 0.5 had the ratio of P/F ＜ 200, and the fraction of FiO2 was increased to 1.0, the P/F ＞ 200. (3) FiO2 and Qs/Qt were negatively correlated ( r = - 0.390, P = O. 027 ),the higher inspired oxygen fraction, the lower shunt. When the fractions of FiO2 were set at 0.5 and 1.0 ,there was a positive correlation between △Qs/Qt and △P/F( r = 0.82, P = 0.005 ). Conclusions The inspired oxygen fraction affects the ratio of P/F, which may be resulted from shunt and it may influence the diagnosis of ARDS.