动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑脊液中NO含量与TCD对症状性脑血管痉挛的诊断价值

目的　评价动脉瘤性SAH后脑脊液 (CSF)中一氧化氮 (NO)含量变化和TCD对症状性脑血管痉挛的诊断价值。方法　MRA检查并经脑血管造影加以证实的动脉瘤性SAH患者 56例 ,所有患者应用 2MHz探头经颞窗探测MCA的血流速度 ,将血管痉挛程度分为轻度痉挛 (12 0～ 14 0cm s)、中度痉挛(14 0～ 2 0 0cm s)、重度痉挛 (>2 0 0cm s) ,并通过高效液相色谱法测定其住院当天、3d、7d、14d脑脊液中NO的代谢产物亚硝酸盐 (NO-2 )和硝酸盐 (NO-3)含量。分析其含量变化与脑血管痉挛的关系。同期收治的意外发现的未破裂的动脉瘤患者 14例作为对照。结果　NO含量测定表明在SAH的第 7天明显增高 (P <0 .0 1)。部分出现症状性痉挛的患者 ,TCD检查MCA血流虽无明显增快 (P >0 .0 5) ,但NO含量却明显增高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　NO含量变化与脑血管痉挛症状的发生、发展相一致 ,是监测脑血管痉挛的发生、发展的可靠指标 ,与TCD联合应用对症状性脑血管痉挛的诊断意义更大。     

蛛网膜下腔出血伴迟发性脑血管痉挛高血流动力学治疗的研究

目的 探讨高血流动力学治疗对兔蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）伴迟发性脑血管痉挛脑能量代谢的影响.方法 采用枕大池二次注血法制作SAH动物模型并随机分为正常组、SAH对照组和SA治疗组;应用微透析设备采集脑组织间液.利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析透析液中葡萄糖（Glu）、乳酸（Lac）及丙酮酸（Pyr）的含量,计算Lac/Pyr比值（L/P）.于光学显微镜下观察基底动脉病理学变化.结果 SAH各组兔的Glu水平较正常组均显著下降（均P〈0.01）,而Lac水平则明显上升（均P〈0.01）;SAH多巴酚丁胺治疗组与SAH未治疗组相比.透析液中Glu水平明显升高（P〈0.01）,Lac水平明显下降（P〈0.01）,L/P比值显著降低（P〈0.01）;高浓度多巴酚丁胺治疗组与低浓度多巴酚丁胺治疗组相比,Glu水平进一步升高,Lac水平进一步降低,L/P比值也随之降低.结论 兔SAH伴迟发性脑血管痉挛后经高血流动力学治疗,可通过增加脑灌注.维持细胞能量代谢,对脑组织起到保护作用.     

Comparison of biliary atresia with and without intracranial hemorrhage

Background/Purpose

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe complication of biliary atresia (BA). We aimed to compare the clinical data of BA patients with and without ICH.

The combined approach to intracranial aneurysm treatment

Background

A consecutive series of patients with intracranial aneurysms in the practice of one neurovascular surgeon was retrospectively reviewed to illustrate that one physician can become proficient in microneurosurgery as well as endovascular surgery and achieve favorable outcomes in both disciplines. This supports one model of training for cerebrovascular surgeons that includes the complimentary practice of open microneurovascular surgery with endovascular surgery.

Methods

The senior author (HAR) treated 351 patients with 413 aneurysms between July 2001 and March 2007. Of these, 172 patients (216 aneurysms) were treated with open microneurosurgical techniques and 179 patients (197 aneurysms) were treated using endovascular techniques.

Results

Complete obliteration was attained in 94.3% of clipped aneurysms, and 61.9% and 65.9% of coiled aneurysms immediately and after at least 6 months of follow-up, respectively. At latest evaluation, 93% of endovascular patients and 90% of microneurosurgical patients had good clinical outcomes (GOS, 4 or 5; mean follow-up, 23 months; combines ruptured and unruptured cohorts). Procedure-related mortality included 1 surgical patient and 2 endovascular patients.

Conclusions

Because the fields of microvascular and endovascular surgeries are both technically complex, there has been concern that hybrid cerebrovascular surgeons cannot perform each technique with the skill necessary to achieve good outcomes. When compared to clipping and coiling reviews in the neurosurgical literature, we illustrate that one hybrid neurovascular surgeon is capable of attaining great facility in both techniques and that this type of physician will represent one practice model of cerebrovascular specialist in the future. This has potential implications for the training of hybrid cerebrovascular surgeons.     

蛛网膜下腔出血并发脑血管痉挛的防治

目的：探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）并发脑血管痉挛（CVS）的防治方法。方法：对45例SAH并发CVS的病例进行临床分析。给予常规治疗,钙离子拮抗剂止血脱水等,同时采用持续腰穿外引流对其防治。结果：45例患者均有良好效果。结论：对SAH并发CVS要采取综合治疗,以降低死亡率。     

NF-κB、ICAM-1在实验性SAH后基底动脉壁上的表达变化

目的 探讨免疫炎症反应在蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS)发病机制中的作用.方法 应用新西兰家兔经枕大池二次注血制成SAH动物模型.在各相应时间点运用数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)、HE染色和免疫组化等方法 ,观察兔基底动脉管壁形态以及核转录因子kappaB(nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)、细胞间粘附因子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM-1)在管壁上表达的动态变化.结果 在SAH后第3天基底动脉血管腔已开始狭窄,第7天达到高峰,之后狭窄渐减轻,14d时基本接近正常.SAH后3d NF-κB表达增加,5～7d表达持续在一个较高的水平,随后开始下降;ICAM-1表达变化趋势与NF-κB相似,但在表达高峰时相上稍迟于后者.结论 NF-κB、ICAM-1在血管壁上的表达变化与CVS的发生时相密切相关,提示由其参与介导的血管壁炎症反应可能在CVS的发生和发展过程中起了重要的作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the possible effect of inflammatory reaction in the pathogenesis of CVS after SAH.Methods The "double-hemorrhage" model of vasospasm Was performed by two injections of autologous aterial blood into the cisterna magna of Newzealand rabbits.We oberserved morphological changes and the rule of expression and activity of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in basilar artery(BA)walls by DSA,light microscope and immunohistochemistry.Results The "double-hemorrhage"model of vasospasm was succeeded to be made.The BA vasospasm Was obvious on 3d after autologous aterial blood wa8 first injected into the cisterna magna,and peaked on 7d,and then relieved.On 14d,there was almost no abnormality in the arterial wall.Upregulation of NF-κB expression started on 3d,became stronger on 5d to 7d,and then decreased.The upregulation of ICAM-1 expression in the BA walls Was similar with NF-κB,but was a bit later to tively correlated with the vasospasm.Inflammatory reaction in arterial walls mediated by NF-8κB may play a key mle in the process of CVS after SAH.     

Dopamine D2-Receptor-Mediated Increase in Vascular and Endothelial NOS Activity Ameliorates Cerebral Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage In Vitro

Introduction  Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious complication resulting in delayed neurological deficit, increased morbidity, mortality, longer hospital stays, and rehabilitation time. It afflicts approximately 35 per 100,000 Americans per year, and there is currently no effective therapy. We present in vitro data suggesting that increasing intrinsic nitric oxide relaxation pathways in vascular smooth muscle via dopaminergic agonism ameliorates cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Methods  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with cerebral vasospasm after SAH (CSF_V) was used to induce vasospasm in porcine carotid artery in vitro. Dopamine was added to test its ability to reverse spasm, and specific dopamine receptor antagonists were used to determine which receptor mediated the protection. Immunohistochemical techniques confirmed the presence of dopamine receptor subtypes and the involvement of NOS in the mechanism of dopamine protection. Results  Dopamine receptor 1, 2, and 3 subtypes are all present in porcine carotid artery. Dopamine significantly reversed spasm in vitro (67% relaxation), and this relaxation was prevented by Haloperidol, a D₂R antagonist (10% relaxation, P < 0.05), but not by D₁ or D₃-receptor antagonism. Both eNOS and iNOS expression were increased significantly in response to CSF_V alone, and this was significantly enhanced by addition of dopamine, and blocked by Haloperidol. Conclusion  Cerebral vasospasm is significantly reversed in a functional measure of vasospasm in vitro by dopamine, via a D₂R-mediated pathway. The increase in NOS protein seen in both the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle in response to CSF_V is enhanced by dopamine, also in a D₂R-dependent mechanism.     

依达拉奉对实验性蛛网膜下隙出血后脑损伤的保护作用

目的观察依达拉奉对蛛网膜下隙出血后脑组织丙二醛（MDA）含量及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）表达的影响。方法采用血管内穿刺法建立蛛网膜下隙出血（SAH）模型,将24只雄性成年大鼠随机分为假手术组、SAH组、SAH＋依达拉奉组（依达拉奉组）,72h后处死大鼠。处死前每天统计大鼠神经功能缺损评分;处死后采用硫代巴比妥酸法检测大鼠脑组织中MDA含量,运用Westernblot方法检测大鼠脑组织中iNOS蛋白的表达。结果依达拉奉组大鼠神经功能评分高于SAH组,而MDA含量明显低于SAH组（P〈0.05）;Westernblot检测显示,依达拉奉可降低脑组织iNOS的表达。结论依达拉奉可改善蛛网膜下隙出血后脑损伤,具有一定的神经保护作用。