Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Purpose Interstitial cystitis (IC) often coexists with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS may be explained by small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which increases immune activation and visceral hypersensitivity. This prospective pilot study tested hypotheses that IC patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have SIBO, that nonabsorbable antibiotic use improves symptoms, and that improvement is sustained by prokinetic therapy. Methods Consecutive IC patients with GI symptoms had lactulose breath testing (LBT). Those with abnormal results received rifaximin 1,200–1,800 mg/day for 10 days then tegaserod 3 mg/nightly. Questionnaires addressed IC and GI global improvement. Results Of 21 patients, 17 (81%) had abnormal LBTs. Of 15 patients treated, GI global improvement was moderate to great in 11 (73%) and sustained in ten (67%). IC global improvement was moderate to great in six (40%) and sustained in seven (47%). Conclusions A majority of IC patients and GI symptoms had an abnormal LBT suggesting SIBO. Rifaximin improved symptoms, which was sustained by tegaserod.     

Lessons from “real life experience” of rifaximin use in the management of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis with independent prognostic significance. The current management of HE is mainly based on lactulose. Rifaximin has been shown to decrease the risk of HE recurrence in patients with episodic forms. HE can also be persistent. However,there is no drug support recommendation for rifaximin use in this setting.AIM To assess the effectiveness of rifaximin in the management of recurrent episodes of HE and recurrent acute exacerbations on persistent HE, in "real life conditions".METHODS In this retrospective study, using a within-subjects design, we collected data of patients treated with rifaximin for HE in two liver diseases centers, during the six-month period before and during the six-month period after the initiation of rifaximin. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the total number of HE events involving hospitalization.RESULTSRifaximin was introduced for prevention of recurrent HE episodes in 29 out of 62 patients with normal mental status between episodes and for prevention of recurrent acute exacerbations on persistent HE in 33 out of 62 patients. In the"prevention of recurrent HE episodes" group, fewer HE events(0.79 vs 1.78; P =0.013) were reported during the period of time when rifaximin was used. In the"prevention of recurrent acute exacerbations on persistent HE" group, there was no significant difference in the number of HE-events(1.48 vs 1.77; P = 0.582).CONCLUSION In this real-life experience, the effectiveness of rifaximin was confirmed in the prevention of HE episodes recurrence but was not proved in the prevention of acute exacerbations recurrence on persistent HE.     

Effect of Rifaximin on Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Crohn's Disease as Assessed by the H2-Glucose Breath Test

Summary

The occurrence of intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) has been described and antimicrobial treatment has been shown to be effective in reversing this condition. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy are still only partially known.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a non-absorbable antibiotic (rifaximin) in comparison to placebo on bacterial overgrowth in patients with CD.

Methods Fourteen patients with inactive CD of the ileum and bacterial overgrowth, as assessed by the hydrogen breath test, were blindly allocated to receive rifaximin (1200?mg/day) or placebo t.i.d. for one week. A hydrogen breath test, and clinical and biochemical parameters were further performed 14 days and 30 days after starting treatment.

Results After 14 days, the hydrogen breath test proved to be negative in seven out of seven patients treated with rifaximin (p < 0.05), and in two out of seven in the placebo group (p = ns). After 30 days, the hydrogen breath test was positive in all patients of the rifaximin and placebo group, respectively. No changes in the CDAI score were documented in any patients.

Conclusions Short-term administration of rifaximin is effective in the therapy of bacterial overgrowth in patients with inactive CD of the ileum, thus suggesting that the control of luminal bacterial growth could be useful in the management of these patients. However, since we observed a decline with time in this positive effect, further studies are needed to identify the most appropriate therapeutic strategies.     

美沙拉嗪治疗轻中度溃疡性结肠炎的临床疗效研究

目的 观察利福昔明胶囊联合美沙拉嗪片治疗轻中度溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床疗效。方法 90例轻度、中度溃疡性结肠炎病人随机分为观察组46例、对照组44例。观察组给予美沙拉嗪片1.0g,每日4次,利福昔明胶囊0.2g,每日4次。对照组单用美沙拉嗪片1.0g,每日4次。总疗程为8周,观察两组治疗前后的临床活动指数、内镜评分、病理评分、临床综合疗效及不良反应。结果 治疗8周后,两组患者的临床活动指数均较治疗前显著降低(5.48±2.33比2.59±1.78,5.59±1.98比3.73±2.20,P＜0.05),且观察组的临床活动指数显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组患者治疗后的内镜评分、病理评分显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),观察组比对照组能更有效地改善患者的内镜评分及病理评分(P<0.01);观察组总有效率87.0%,显著高于对照组的68.2%(χ²=4.141,P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 美沙拉嗪片联合利福昔明胶囊治疗轻中度UC可有效改善患者的临床活动指数、内镜下及病理评分,且副反应少。     

利福昔明联合乳果糖治疗肝性脑病患者疗效及其血清S100B蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶变化

目的 探讨应用利福昔明联合乳果糖治疗肝性脑病(HE)患者的疗效及其血清S100B蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的变化。方法 2015年6月~2019年6月我院收治的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化并发HE患者74例,随机分为观察组37例和对照组37例。在内科治疗的基础上,给予对照组乳果糖口服,给予观察组乳果糖联合利福昔明治疗,两组均治疗1周。采用ELISA法检测血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-(TNF-)和白介素-6(IL-6),采用电化学发光法检测血清S100B蛋白、NSE和血浆β-内啡肽 (β-EP)水平,常规检测血氨。应用数字连接试验(NCT)和数字符号试验(DS)评价认知功能。结果 观察组生存率为83.8%,显著高于对照组的62.1%(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组31例生存患者血清CRP水平为(14.9±3.5)mg/L,显著低于23例对照组【(17.4±3.8)mg/L,P<0.05】,血清TNF-α水平为(12.3±3.8)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(15.3±4.4)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清IL-8水平为(35.8±7.5)pg/mL,显著低于对照组【(41.5±9.8)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清S100B蛋白水平为(27.4±13.1)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(38.7±14.0)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清NSE水平为(14.6±6.4)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(19.4±8.3)μg/L,P<0.05】,血浆β-EP水平为(46.7±5.3)pg/mL,显著低于对照组【(52.8±6.7)pg/mL,P<0.05】;血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平为(67.3±16.1)U/L,显著低于对照组【(92.5±21.8)U/L,P<0.05】,而血清白蛋白(ALB)水平为(35.3±7.1)g/L,显著高于对照组【(32.7±6.8)g/L,P<0.05】,血氨水平为(61.7±11.4)μmol/L,显著低于对照组【(98.1±13.3)μmol/L,P<0.05】; NCT时间为(54.3±8.5)s,显著短于对照组【(69.7±10.8)s,P<0.05】,而DS评分为(58.5±7.2)分,显著高于对照组【(47.3±8.9)分,P<0.05】。结论 应用利福昔明联合乳果糖治疗肝硬化引起的HE患者可有效抑制炎症反应,改善肝功能,减轻神经系统功能损伤,降低血氨、血清S100B蛋白和NSE水平,提高认知功能,疗效较好。     

Determination of Rifaximin Treatment Period According to Lactulose Breath Test Values in Nonconstipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subjects

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can partly explain irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and rifaximin has been observed to improve abdominal symptoms in nonconstipated IBS patients. However, there are few reports on the association of the rifaximin treatment periods with the results of a lactulose breath test (LBT). Therefore, we performed a retrospective review of patient charts to investigate the relation between the rifaximin treatment periods with LBT results in nonconstipated IBS patients. We also evaluated the time to achieve a symptomatic improvement in the IBS patients as compared to the changes in the LBT. We reviewed the charts for patients who showed IBS symptoms with documented positive results for LBT during their initial visit and who had a follow-up LBT after treatment with rifaximin. The LBT values were compared to the subjects'' symptom scores. A total of 102 subjects had a follow-up LBT to assess LBT normalization. The subjects were divided into groups according to treatment periods of 4 weeks (n = 36), 8 weeks (n = 43), and 12 weeks (n = 23). The groups with a longer treatment exhibited an increase in the hydrogen gas value at 90 min and its sum during 90 min at the initial LBT. There were significant differences in hydrogen gas value at 90 min and in its sum during 90 min at the initial LBT between the groups treated for 4 and 12 weeks. The most significant treatment response was observed during the first 4 weeks for all treatment groups. Symptomatic improvement occurred earlier than LBT normalization in the treatment period over 4 weeks. The results indicate that different rifaximin treatment periods are needed in accordance with LBT levels to effectively eradicate SIBO.

Graphical Abstract

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Rifaximin versus metronidazole in management of acute episode of hepatic encephalopathy: An open labeled randomized clinical trial

Background and study aims

Many regimens are tried in managing overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We investigated the efficacy of rifaximin versus metronidazole in management of an acute episode of HE on top of cirrhosis.

利福昔明含量测定及其有关物质检测方法的研究

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HPLC法测定利福昔明干混悬剂中利福昔明的含量

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