Instruments for measuring mental health recovery: A systematic review

Persons in recovery, providers, and policymakers alike are advocating for recovery-oriented mental health care, with the promotion of recovery becoming a prominent feature of mental health policy in the United States and internationally. One step toward creating a recovery-oriented system of care is to use recovery-oriented outcome measures. Numerous instruments have been developed to assess progress towards mental health recovery. This review identifies instruments of mental health recovery and evaluates the appropriateness of their use including their psychometric properties, ease of administration, and service-user involvement in their development. A literature search using the Medline and Psych-INFO databases was conducted, identifying 21 instruments for potential inclusion in this review, of which thirteen met inclusion criteria. Results suggest only three instruments (25%) have had their psychometric properties assessed in three or more unique samples of participants. Ease of administration varied between instruments, and for the majority of instruments, development included service user involvement. This review updates and expands previous reviews of instruments to assess mental health recovery. As mental health care continues to transform to a recovery-oriented model of service delivery, this review may facilitate selection of appropriate assessments of mental health recovery for systems to use in evaluating and improving the care they provide.     

The ‘quadriceps angle’: correlation between clinical and radiographic measurements from a study in North Bengal

Introduction: Quadriceps angle (Q angle) is one of the most important indicators of stability of patello-femoral joint. Orthopedic surgeons often measure the Q angle clinically in patients suffering from patello-femoral joint dysfunction or in subjects particularly young active sportspersons who are prone to injury of this joint. But the clinical method of measurement of Q angle is not standardized, and its value depends on various methods used. But the radiological method of measurement of Q angle is more accurate. However, due to the expense and time involved, the clinical method is preferred over the radiological one in practice. Aim: This study was aimed at studying the correlation and regression between the radiographic Q-angle values and the clinical ones, so that the former can be predicted easily from the latter. Materials and methods: Q angle was measured both clinically and radiographically in both knee joints of 93 adult subjects in North Bengal Medical College and Hospital. Result: Statistically significant correlation followed by the regression analysis could reveal simple linear regression equations for predicting the radiological Q-angle values from the clinical Q angle, derived separately in both males and females in right and left sides, separately. Conclusion: Thus, from a known clinical Q-angle value, we can derive the respective radiological Q angle, indirectly avoiding the entire troublesome maneuver in regular practice. So the present study recommends this method in clinical fields because this is a more rational and ideal approach to estimate the radiological Q angle. Increase in the Q angle beyond 20–22° predisposes to patellar dislocation which should be kept in mind while screening athletes, especially females. This tendency can be countered by quadriceps exercises and appropriate footwear.     

Intra-rater reliability,inter-rater reliability and minimal detectable change of the posterior shoulder endurance test in elite athletes

ObjectiveInvestigate intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the posterior shoulder endurance test (PSET) and calculate minimal detectable change (MDC) to establish measurement properties and inform use of the PSET in practice.Study designTest-retest reliability. Setting: British Canoe Slalom National Training Centre.ParticipantsTwelve participants (7 male, 5 female; 22.5 ± 4.48 years; 73.4 ± 6.36 kg) were investigated by two physiotherapists with >10 years’ experience.Main outcome measureIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for intra-rater reliability (ICC 3,1) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 2,1) and used to calculate MDC.ResultsIntra-rater reliability scores were 0.84 and 0.85 for rater A and B, respectively, with 95% confidence interval (CI) crossing moderate to excellent reliability for both raters (0.5–0.75 and > 0.9). Inter-rater reliability scores were 0.74 and 0.63 at baseline and follow-up, respectively, with 95% CI crossing poor to good reliability in both time points (<0.5 and >0.75). MDC95% for intra-rater scores was 6 repetitions, MDC95% for inter-rater scores was 8 repetitions at baseline and 9 repetitions at follow-up.ConclusionThe PSET has acceptable intra-rater reliability but further work is needed to narrow the CI to an appropriate level for inter-rater reliability. The MDC calculated helps clinicians interpret changes in tests scores.     

Minimal tooth preparation for posterior monolithic ceramic crowns: Effect on the mechanical behavior,reliability and translucency

ObjectiveDespite the increased use of monolithic crowns, their performance has yet to be determined when the minimal tooth preparation (MTP) principle is considered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of MTP on the mechanical behavior, reliability and translucency of posterior monolithic ceramic crowns.MethodsDentin analogues were machined using two preparation designs (0.5 or 1 mm reduction) to receive first molar crowns in order to evaluate the monolithic crown performance. Next, 126 crowns were divided (21/g) according to the material (High translucent zirconia – YZHT, Zirconia reinforced lithium silicate – ZLS and Hybrid ceramic – HC) and thickness (0.5 or 1 mm). Tensile stress concentration was calculated using the finite element method. The crowns were adhesivelly cemented and step stress fatigued to calculate reliability for missions at 600 and 1000 N. Translucency was analyzed in 10 discs of each material and thickness.ResultsHigher stress concentration was found in thinner crowns and those with higher elastic modulus. YZHT crowns were suspended when fatigue reached 1500 N load, thus 1-parameter Weibull was used to analyze the data. Reliability was only affected by thickness at 1000 N. ZLS.5 showed lower survival than HC.5, which was similar to the groups that presented 100% survival. YZHT showed the highest strength and data scattering. ZLS1 (22.3 ± 1.4) presented higher translucency than HC1 (19.2 ± 0.6) and YZHT1 (12.0 ± 2.9), whereas ZLS.5 and HC.5 were similar to each other (26.5 ± 2.3, 26.7 ± 2.2) and superior to YZHT.5 (12.7 ± 1.2).SignificanceHC.5 combined high reliability and translucency with low stress concentration, yielding better crown performance and tooth preservation.     

医学教育环境评估量表在我国口腔医学生中应用的信度与效度分析

目的：评价医学教育环境评估量表（DREEM）在我国口腔医学生中应用的信度和效度。方法：采用DREEM量表中文版在重庆医科大学口腔医学本科生中进行问卷调查,最终对调查结果进行统计学分析,考评量表的信度和效度。其中信度采用内部一致性信度和分半信度进行分析;效度采用探索性因素分析和收敛效度进行分析。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行信度和效度检验。结果：共回收有效问卷260份。量表总的Cronbach α系数为0.936,Guttman 分半信度系数为0.816。经过探索性因子分析,提取5个因子,累积贡献率达47.071%,显示量表存在预想的连带关系和逻辑关系。量表的Spearman等级相关系数为0.447~0.556之间。结论：医学教育环境评估量表在我国口腔医学生中应用具有良好的信度和效度,可在我国口腔医学教育环境的评价中进一步推广应用。     

双侧唇腭裂新生儿数字化模型与硬石膏模型的比较

目的： 比较双侧唇腭裂新生儿口内扫描数字化模型和硅橡胶制取灌注的超硬石膏模型的可靠性和稳定性。方法： 收集19例双侧唇腭裂新生儿病例,分别制取口内扫描数字化模型和硅橡胶取模超硬石膏灌注模型,对上颌牙槽骨长度、上颌牙槽骨宽度、腭裂宽度及上颌中线偏斜量等指标进行测量。采用SPSS 24.0软件包对测量结果进行统计学分析。结果： 2种方法上颌牙槽骨长度、上颌牙槽骨宽度、腭裂宽度及上颌中线偏斜量3次测量间均无统计学差异（P>0.05）,2种方法的测量值无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论： 双侧唇腭裂新生儿口内扫描获取的数字化模型与硅橡胶取模超硬石膏灌注获取的石膏模型各测量项目之间无显著差异。口内数字化扫描操作过程简便,可以提高诊疗效率,新生儿承受痛苦少,风险小,可广泛用于唇腭裂患儿的研究、诊断分析及临床治疗。     

自体牙移植术前难度预判因素的筛选及分析

目的:设计自体牙移植术前难度预判量表,并进行统计学验证。方法:基于文献支持和临床经验总结,对自体牙移植术前难度预判的可能因素进行统计学分析,筛选出相关性较高的11条因素并编制量表,通过96病例进行实际难度判定。采用SPSS 23.0软件包对量表进行信度和效度检验。结果:对96例病例进行难度预判的结果进行统计学分析,量表检测的克隆巴赫系数（信度值）为0.853,皮尔逊相关系数（内容效度值）为0.745,KMO值（结构效度值）为0.704,以上检验均有统计学意义。结论:所设计自体牙移植术前难度预判量表合理可行,适用于初学者进行术前难度预判分析。     

Reliability of knee extensor neuromuscular structure and function and functional tests’ performance

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability of neuromuscular variables and functional tests.MethodsCross-sectional crossover design. Two independent raters and analyzers evaluated twenty-two healthy subjects. Knee-extensor strength was assessed from three maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Muscle activation was obtained from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. VL and RF muscles’ architecture [fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT)] was obtained at rest by ultrasound. The time from five sit-to-stand (STS) trials, and the distance from the 6-min walk test (6MWT) were obtained. Intraclass correlation coefficient was determined and classified as strong (r = 0.75–1.00), moderate (r = 0.40–0.74), and weak (r < 0.40).ResultsStrong intra-rater reliability values were observed for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.91); RF (r = 0.92); VM (r = 0.80)], VL [FL (r = 0.90); PA (r = 0.94); MT (r = 0.99)] and RF [MT (r = 0.85)] muscle architecture, STS (r = 0.95), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). Inter-rater reliability also presented strong values for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.94); RF (r = 0.79); VM (r = 0.78)], muscle architecture VL [PA (r = 0.81) and MT (r = 0.88)] and RF [MT (r = 0.80)], STS (r = 0.93), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). A moderate correlation VL muscle architecture [FL (r = 0.69)]. Inter-analyzer muscle architecture reliability presented strong VL [FL (r = 0.77); PA (r = 0.76); MT (r = 0.91)] and RF [MT (r = 0.99)].ConclusionThe high intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability values for most variables is evidence that they can be used for clinical evaluation. Muscle architecture might need a longer training period by different raters and analyzers to increase reliability.     

Reliability of forearm medial-anterior surface dimensional changes at different isometric hand grip forces

Indirect techniques of predicting hand grip force are fundamental to develop hand control systems for assistive devices. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of 3D position of forearm surface at different isometric hand grip forces. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to measure displacement of 24 discrete and standardized surface markers placed on forearm in 20 healthy participants. The relative displacements were measured for isometric grip forces at 0%, 5%, 20% 50% and 80% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for relative radial displacement (RRD) of each marker was calculated. Averaged single measure ICC of 24 markers at five grip forces was 0.61; while the highest averaged single measure ICC (0.80) for all markers was achieved at 80% of MVC and the lowest (0.47) at 0% of MVC. The average measure ICC for each grip force across the 24 markers also increased with grip force from 0.80 at 0% of MVC to the maximum of 0.95 at 80% of MVC. In conclusion, RRD showed moderate and high ICCs for single and average measures respectively. Overall, this study suggests that the reliable dimensional changes of 3D positions of forearm surface might be considered as an indirect and non-invasive method to predict hand grip force in future.