A new apheresis procedure for the preparation of high-quality red cells and plasma

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent apheresis is an alternative way of preparing blood components that avoids the delay between collection and separation seen with standard whole-blood techniques. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An apheresis device has been modified to facilitate the combined collection of a unit (250 mL) of red cells (RBCs) and a high-volume unit (475 mL) of plasma. The procedure, using 8-percent ACD-A, has been tested in two European blood centers. Each center performed 20 procedures for in vitro evaluation of collected RBCs and plasma and 10 procedures for evaluation of in vivo RBC recovery. All RBCs were white cell reduced by filtration. One-half of the RBC units were stored in the additive solution Adsol and one-half in another such solution (Erythro-Sol). RESULTS: The target volumes of RBCs and plasma were obtained in 27 minutes (range, 20-44 min) by using three to six cycles in a single-needle procedure. Saline (275 mL) was used to replace fluid volume withdrawn in excess of standard whole-blood donation. No side effects occurred, with the exception of minor signs of hypocalcemia. RBC ATP was well maintained (>65% at Day 42) during storage; 2,3-DPG was less well maintained, with virtually none remaining at Day 21 in either Adsol or Erythro-Sol. The RBC in vivo recoveries, after 42 days of storage at 4+/-2 degrees C determined by the single-label method, were 86.7+/-7.2 percent (Erythro-Sol) and 84.4+/-8.1 percent (Adsol). Mean plasma factor VIII levels were >100 percent in all test groups. CONCLUSION: A novel automated technique for the simultaneous collection and preparation of RBCs and plasma has been evaluated. The apheresis procedure was acceptable and well tolerated by donors, and it resulted in high-quality blood components. Further optimization of the system should yield a practicable component suitable for routine use in blood banks.     

疏风解毒胶囊口服给药14 d对幼鼠的毒性作用研究

目的观察10日龄健康SD大鼠重复ig给予疏风解毒胶囊(SFJD)后所产生的毒性反应,为SFJD的婴幼儿临床应用提供参考。方法取10日龄健康SD大鼠30只,分为SFJD组(4 g/kg)和对照组,每天给药1次,连续14 d。每天观察动物的死亡率及一般体征,每周2次监测动物体质量变化,观察门齿萌出、张耳、睁眼和腹部出毛的发生时间,考察幼鼠的自主活动及学习记忆能力;在给药结束时进行血液学、血清生化检测及血清睾酮、雌二醇、胰岛素样生长因子含量测定,分析T、B淋巴细胞亚群的变化;并进行系统尸检、脏器质量及系数检查,测定幼鼠麻醉状态下的体长和尾长。结果给药后幼鼠出现稀便及药物颜色相关的橙色尿液;体质量增长前期减缓,后期改善;尿密度略增加;脾脏质量及肝脏、脾脏、肾脏的脏体系数与脏脑系数增加;有2只幼鼠红细胞计数(RBC)和网织红细胞数(Ret)较对照组显著降低。结论 4 g/kg的SFJD ig给药后,幼鼠耐受性较好,临床大剂量长期应用时需关注可能出现的稀便及RBC、Ret降低等情况。     

Relationship between urinary biopyrrins and pneumoconiosis

Abstract

Background: Test 1 is a recently introduced technique claiming to determine Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in 20 s. In contrast to the original Westergren procedure this new technique uses undiluted blood and operates at 37°C. It is hypothesized that Test 1 is in fact an erythrocyte aggregometer and does not measure any sedimentation. Methods: Test 1 results were compared to those obtained with StaRRsed, an automated ESR analyser based on the Westergren technique, and the results of both were correlated to various indices of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, obtained with an aggrego - meter (LORCA). Measurements were made on blood from 75 patients with various rheumatic disorders. Furthermore, blood that was experimentally manipulated in order to affect RBC aggregation, i.e. by changing the hematocrit, by diminishing plasma protein concentration, by inducing hyperaggregation or by RBC rigidification, was tested on all three instruments. Results: Generally in patient blood, Test 1 results demonstrated a higher correlation with the various aggregation parameters than StaRRsed. Highest correlation (R = ?0.8)) with both Test 1 and StaRRsed outcome were seen with I₂₀, a RBC aggregation parameter directly related to the backscatter intensity. All experimentally induced changes in RBC aggregation paralleled closely those obtained with Test 1 while StaRRsed results followed a different course. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study strongly support the hypothesis that Test 1 measures only the RBC aggregation process and does not cover any of the indices directly linked to the sedimentation process as determined by the Westergren method.     

糖尿病患者脂蛋白a和其他血脂及红细胞流变性关系的研究

目的通过观察糖尿病患者血清脂蛋白a[Lpa]和红细胞变形／聚集指数的变化及二者的关系以及Lpa与其它血脂的关系，为临床预防心脑血管疾病提供理论依据。方法选择2型糖尿病（无心脑血管、肾脏等大血管合并症和酮症酸中毒）患者43例为糖尿病组，健康体检者47例为对照组。于清晨空腹抽血测血脂、Lpa、红细胞变形／聚集指数。比较两组间各指标水平的差异，并对两组Lpa与红细胞变形／聚集指数及其它血脂作相关分析。结果1．糖尿病组存在高甘油三酯和低高密度脂蛋白血症，Lpa两组比较无统计学意义；2．红细胞变形／聚集指数两组比较有显著差异（P〈0．01）。3．Lpa在糖尿病组与红细胞变形指数呈负相关（p〈0．01），与红细胞聚集指数呈正相关（p〈0．01），与甘油三酯呈负相关（p〈0．01）。结论1．糖尿病患者存在血脂代谢异常，但在高甘油三脂条件下Lpa无明显增高。2．高浓度的Lpa可降低红细胞变形能力，增加红细胞聚集，导致微循环障碍。     

Comparative studies on the ocular and dermal irritation potential of surfactants.

Comparative studies on the irritation potential of 18 surfactants were performed using the same stock solution of surfactant for each study. The ocular irritation potential of surfactants was studied using the red blood cell test (RBC), the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) and the Skinethic ocular tissue model. The skin irritation potential was assessed based on data obtained from human studies using a 24h epicutaneous patch test (ECT) and a soap chamber test (SCT). The same pH and active substance (AS) content for all surfactants tested was used depending on the test conducted. In general, clusters of substances with varying irritation potential were identified similarly by most tests. These results show that when using standardized test conditions in which pH and % AS are the same for each surfactant tested, there is a good correlation between the in vitro ocular irritation assays themselves as well as between the dermal and ocular irritation assays. In particular the RBC test seems to be not only highly predictive for ocular irritation (H(50)/DI) but also for dermal irritation and changes in barrier function (DI) induced by surfactants.     

Toxicological assessment of a particulate yeast (1,3/1,6)-beta-D-glucan in rats.

This study investigates the toxicity of WGP 3-6, a yeast-derived beta-glucan ingredient, during single-dose acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in rats. For the acute study, Fisher-344 rats were administered WGP 3-6 via gavage at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, and any evidence of toxicity was monitored over a 14-day period. WGP 3-6 was well tolerated, indicating that the LD(50) value is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. For the sub-chronic study, Fisher-344 rats (10/sex/group) were randomly allocated to receive daily gavage treatment with WGP 3-6 at doses of 0, 2, 33.3, or 100 mg/kg body weight. Control and high-dose satellite recovery groups of each sex also were included. Full toxicological monitoring and endpoint investigations were performed throughout and upon completion of the study. No negative effects on animal weights or food consumption attributable to WGP 3-6 were evident at any dose. In addition, no mortality, clinical pathology, functional/behavioral, microscopic, or gross observations indicating toxicity were observed. Sporadic changes in some biochemical and hematological parameters were observed; however, since the effects were within the physiological ranges in historical controls, were not dose-responsive, or were not observed in both sexes, they were determined to be of no toxicological significance. In conclusion, no adverse or toxic effects were observed after subchronic oral administration of 2, 33.3, or 100mg/kg body weight/day of WGP 3-6 in Fisher-344 rats, and therefore, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 100 mg/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested, was determined.     

A 90-day ad libitum administration toxicity study of oligoglucosamine in F344 rats.

A 90-day ad libitum administration toxicity study of oligoglucosamine (OG) was carried out using F344 rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into four groups of 20 animals each, 10 of each sex, and fed a diet containing 0, 0.04, 0.2 or 1.0 (w/w)% OG. During the administration period, no animals of either sex died or exhibited abnormal signs in the 0.04% OG and 0.2% OG groups. In the 1% OG group, in both sexes, erythema and swelling of the snout and forelimbs and loss of fur in the forelimbs were observed. On macroscopic observation, emaciation, swelling of the snout, auricles and forelimbs and alopecia of the forelimbs were also observed in 2-3 males of the 1% OG group. It was suggested that these topical abnormalities might be due to dermal responses to OG adhering to the skin and fur, which are easily soiled with saliva during grooming. In the animals of the 1% OG group, food consumption decreased, resulting in body weight gain being suppressed. This was found concomitantly with the abnormal findings mentioned above. Thus, feeding difficulties due to the topical lesions on the snout and forelimbs were thought to affect body weight. In hematology, platelet count, lymphocyte count and differential neutrophil count increased in males of the 1% OG group. These changes might be related to the dermal inflammation. Abnormalities in urinalysis and blood chemistry, as well as a small thymus, small spleen, dark spots or areas on the glandular stomach mucosa, pale Harderian glands and small testes in histopathology, were also observed in males in the 1% OG group. Whether or not all these changes were related only to the malnutrition remains to be elucidated. From these results, OG gave rise to no adverse effects in rats up to the dose level of 0.2 (w/w)%. Thus, the no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 0.2 (w/w)% for rats of either sex (124.0mg/kg/day in males, 142.0mg/kg/day in females).     

One-year chronic toxicity of madder color in F344 rats – Induction of preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions in the kidney and liver

To evaluate chronic toxicity of madder color (MC), a natural food colorant extracted from the roots of Rubia tinctorum L., F344 rats were fed diet containing 0%, 0.2%, 1.0% or 5.0% MC for 53 weeks. Hematological changes including anemia and serum biochemical alterations indicating hepatotoxicity were demonstrated at 5.0% in both sexes. Relative weights of the liver were significantly increased from 1.0% in both sexes, and those of the kidney were significantly increased from 1.0% in males and from 0.2% in females. Histopathologically, atypical renal tubule hyperplasias were increased at 1.0% or higher in both sexes in association with increase of cell proliferative activity in the tubules. A renal cell adenoma was observed in a male rat receiving 5.0% MC. In addition, glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive liver cell foci were significantly increased at 5.0% in both sexes. These results indicate that MC has chronic toxicity targeting kidney, liver and blood cells. Moreover, the results strongly suggest that MC may have the carcinogenic potential in the kidney and the liver.     

Tc-99m RBC perfusion and blood-pool scintigraphy in the evaluation of vascular leiomyoma of the hand

A 62-year-old man with a soft, non-tender, movable mass 2.5 x 2.5-cm in diameter in the volar surface of the right index finger over the proximal phalanx underwent Tc-99m RBC perfusion and blood-pool scintigraphy to evaluate the vascular nature and extent of the mass. Highly increased activity on early and delayed blood-pool images with increased perfusion was demonstrated in the mass. The lesion with high flow rates and large blood pool spaces was considered highly suggestive of one of the various types of peripheral hemangioma. Angiography revealed a vascular neoplasm with tumor vessels. Microscopic examination of the resected tumor revealed vascular leiomyoma containing numerous dilated vascular channels. These scintigraphic abnormalities were regarded as resulting from hypervascularity demonstrated angiographically and blood pooling within the dilated vascular channels demonstrated histologically. It is concluded that Tc-99m RBC perfusion and blood pool scintigraphy may be an important non-invasive approach to demonstrate vascular leiomyoma prior to surgical biopsy or resection.