肺血管扩张在肝肺综合征发病机制中作用的研究进展

肺血管扩张是肝肺综合征的主要发病机制,然而导致HPS肺血管扩张的机制相当复杂,至今仍不清楚.目前认为肺血管内巨噬细胞聚积和雌激素升高导致的血管活性因子增多和活性增强可能与此有关,近年来这方面的研究很多,本文对此作一综述.     

静脉溶栓联合导管碎栓和切栓治疗急性大面积肺栓塞

目的评价静脉溶栓联合导管碎栓和切栓治疗急性大面积肺栓塞的临床疗效和安全性。方法对19例急性大面积肺栓塞患者，采用下腔静脉滤器置入、肺动脉导管碎栓和静脉溶栓加低分子肝素抗凝治疗，19例中4例加用了Straub Rotarex导管血栓旋切术。结果19例共行21次治疗。18例经介入治疗后胸闷、紫绀症状均明显改善，肺动脉中央分支血流恢复通畅，血氧饱和度由术前平均86％（74％～96％）上升到治疗后的平均97％（94％～100％）。肺动脉压力从术前的（334-5）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）下降到术后的（254-5）mmHg（t=13．2，P〈0．01）。l例双侧肺动脉主干大块血栓栓塞的患者，介入治疗无效，后经胸外科手术取栓未能成功，患者死亡。4例成功地采用了Straub Rotarex旋切治疗肺动脉血栓，未出现并发症。结论采用导管碎栓和血栓旋切等介入技术联合静脉溶栓抗凝治疗，是治疗急性大面积肺动脉栓塞的有效而且安全的方法。     

甲基强的松龙和地塞米松治疗放射性脑水肿的差异

目的研究甲基强的松龙及地塞米松治疗放射性脑水肿的差异。方法建立大鼠脑胶质瘤模型。实验分组：A组（大剂量甲基强的松龙组）、B组（小剂量甲基强的松龙组）、C组（地塞米松组）、D组（对照组）、E组（空白组）。各组均颅内种植肿瘤，于种植15天后A、B、C、D各组给予C060照射，A、B、C组大鼠照射前后分别给予甲基强的松龙和地塞米松治疗。测量大鼠脑水肿情况。结果治疗后，与其他各组比较，D组大鼠脑组织含水率最高，E组最低（P〈0．05）；C组大鼠脑组织含水率明显高于A、B两组（P〈0．05）；但A、B两组间无显著性差异（P〉O．05）。结论甲基强的松龙和地塞米松都可以有效防治放射性脑水肿，且甲基强的松龙比地塞米松疗效更好。     

电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口肺叶切除术

目的比较电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口与胸部单纯小切口肺叶切除术的临床效果. 方法 64例按手术先后顺序编号,按照随机数字表分为2组,电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口(A组)和单纯小切口开胸手术(B组)进行肺叶切除术. 结果 A组切口长度(5.3±0.6)cm比 B组(8.9±0.5)cm显著缩短(t=-24.360,P=0.000);A组术中出血量(279.7±74.0)ml显著少于B组(331.7±42.5)ml(t=-3.330,P=0.002);A组手术当日引流量(162.5±47.4)ml显著少于B组(202.0±49.2)ml(t=-3.220,P=0.002);A组并发症5例,B组11例(χ2=4.099,P=0.043);A组术后住院(8.0±2.2)d显著短于B组(9.7±1.9)d(t=-3.280,P=0.002);2组手术时间无统计学差异(t=-1.130,P=0.262).57例随访6～12个月,术后6个月A组1例Ⅲa期鳞癌局部复发,B组2例Ⅲa期小细胞肺癌、1例腺癌术后7～8个月远处转移、局部复发,上述4例均于1年内死亡.3例死于与手术无关的其他疾病,余50例无局部复发、远处转移. 结论电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口比单纯微创小切口进行肺叶切除术创伤小、并发症少、恢复快.     

The peri‐microvascular edema in hippocampal CA1 area in a rat model of sepsis

Encephalopathy is a common complication of sepsis. However, little is known about the morphological changes that occur in the brain during sepsis. In this study, fecal peritonitis was induced in Wistar rats, which had been monitored for 4 h before their brains were removed and samples from the CA1 area taken. In addition to higher blood pressure with a decreasing pattern and a significant drop in rectal temperature, an increased heart rate and marked respiratory failure were observed. The tissue was investigated and compared with corresponding hippocampal samples taken from sham‐operated and not operated control groups. Significantly more peri‐microvascular edema was found in the hippocampal CA1 area in the septic group. The percentages of the peri‐microvascular edema were 158.57 ± 3.6%, 122.84 ± 1.5% and 120.24 ± 1.9% in the fecal peritonitis group, sham‐operated and not operated control groups, respectively. The results may suggest that the edema observed around the microvessels may participate in the pathogenesis of the septic encephalopathy probably by causing in the microvascular permeability characteristics.     

Inhaled iloprost to control residual pulmonary hypertension following pulmonary endarterectomy

Objective: Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the standard therapy for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In the immediate postoperative period, persistent pulmonary hypertension increases the risk of acute respiratory or right heart failure. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, prostanoid inhalation has been found to improve pulmonary hemodynamics, right ventricular function, gas exchange, and clinical outcome. We report the results of a double-blinded randomized trial with the aerosolized prostacyclin analogue iloprost in patients with residual pulmonary hypertension after PEA. Methods: Twenty-two patients (age, 55 ± 13 years; 8 females; propofol- and sufentanil-based anesthesia; pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation) were randomized to receive either a single dose of 25 μg aerosolized iloprost (iloprost group; n = 11) or normal saline (placebo group; n = 11) immediately after postoperative ICU admission. Primary endpoints were changes in gas exchange, pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, and clinical outcome. Results: Iloprost significantly enhanced cardiac index (CI) and reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR (dyn s cm⁻⁵)] in contrast to placebo. Placebo: pre-inhalation 413 ± 195 versus post-inhalation 404 ± 196 at 30 min (p = 0.051), 415 ± 189 at 90 min (p = 0.929). Iloprost: pre-inhalation 503 ± 238 versus post-inhalation 328 ± 215 at 30 min (p = 0.001), 353 ± 156 at 90 min (p = 0.003). Blood oxygenation remained unchanged. Conclusion: In addition to the effect of PEA, iloprost reduces residual postoperative pulmonary hypertension, decreases right ventricular afterload and may facilitate the early postoperative management after PEA.     

160例肺曲菌球的外科治疗

目的探讨肺曲菌球的手术适应证及减少术后并发症的方法。方法回顾分析我院1975年9月至2006年3月经外科手术治疗的160例肺曲菌球患者的临床资料,根据肺部基础病变的性质和程度分为单纯性肺曲菌球组(SPA,n=34)和复合性肺曲菌球组(CPA,n=126)。分别行肺切除术154例,胸廓改形术加肺叶切除或肌瓣充填术3例,曲菌球清除加肌瓣填塞术3例。结果无手术死亡,160例患者中治愈156例,治愈率97.5%。术后发生并发症44例(27.5%),其中肺炎15例,肺复张不全12例,持续漏气10例,脓胸5例,肺脓肿5例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,切口感染2例。SPA组术后并发症发生率低于CPA组(P<0.05)。术后随访151例,随访4个月~5年无复发。结论外科手术为治疗肺曲菌球的首选方法,客观可靠的术前评估是减少术后并发症和手术成败的关键。电视胸腔镜辅助小切口开胸手术具有创伤小、恢复快、术后并发症少的优点,适用于肺基础病变局限、胸膜粘连较轻的患者。     

Cerebral Cortical Aquaporin-4 Expression in Brain Edema following Cardiac Arrest in Rats

OBJECTIVES: Brain edema occurs following clinical as well as experimental cardiac arrest (CA) and predicts a poor neurologic outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of cerebral cortex aquaporin (AQP)-4, a member of a family of membrane water-channel proteins, in brain edema formation following normothermic or hypothermic CA. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were subjected to time-matched normothermic (N-Sham, 37.5 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, n = 6) or hypothermic (H-Sham, 34 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, n = 6) sham experiments and normothermic (N-CA, n = 6) or hypothermic (H-CA, n = 6) CA induced by asphyxiation for 8 minutes. Hypothermia was induced before CA. The animals were resuscitated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilation, and epinephrine administration. Brain edema was determined by brain wet-to-dry weight ratio at one hour of resuscitation. AQP4 immunoactivity in the cerebral cortex was determined using immunohistochemical staining and was semiquantified as an intensity of staining with an automated cell imaging system. RESULTS: Mild hypothermia in the sham experiments did not alter cerebral cortex AQP4 immunoactivity (mean +/- SD) (55.0 +/- 3.7 in H-Sham vs. 53.3 +/- 1.7 in N-Sham, p > 0.05). N-CA resulted in a significant increase in AQP4 immunoactivity (61.8 +/- 4.5) compared with N-Sham (p = 0.01) and H-Sham (p = 0.03). H-CA attenuated AQP4 compared with N-CA (53.4 +/- 1.3, p = 0.01). Brain wet-to-dry weight ratios were 4.41 +/- 0.07 in N-Sham, 4.40 +/- 0.08 in H-Sham (p > 0.05 vs. N-Sham), 4.55 +/- 0.04 in N-CA (p = 0.004 vs. N-Sham; p = 0.005 vs. H-Sham), and 4.43 +/- 0.09 in H-CA (p = 0.02 vs. N-CA; p > 0.05 vs. N-Sham and H-Sham). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral cortical AQP4 expression is up-regulated after normothermic CA, which is attenuated by hypothermia induced before CA.     

多普勒超声心动图测量肺血管阻力

目的:探讨多普勒超声心动图无创测量肺血管阻力(PVR)的方法。方法:采用多普勒超声技术检测22例正常儿童(对照组)和50例经右心导管检查的先心病患儿(病例组)的三尖瓣最大反流速度(TRV)、右室流出道血流速度时间积分(VTIRVOT)、肺动脉瓣最大反流速度(PIV)、肺动脉血流速度时间积分(VTIPA),计算TRV/VTIRVOT值、TRV/VTIPA值及PIV/VTIPA值,比较两组的差异,并将病例组TRV/VTIRVOT值、TRV/VTIPA值及PIV/VTIPA值与导管所测的PVR进行相关与回归分析。结果:对照组与病例组的TRV/VTIRVOT、PIV/VTIPA及TRV/VTIPA值差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),且病例组的PIV/VTIPA值和TRV/VTIPA值与心导管所测PVR值间呈高度正相关(r=0.896,0.847,P<0.05);当PIV/VTIPA>1.069或TRV/VTIPA>1.407时,提示PVR>2 Wood单位。结论:多普勒超声技术可以比较准确地估测肺血管阻力。     

鲍氏不动杆菌致慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺部感染临床及耐药性分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺部鲍氏不动杆菌感染的临床特点和耐药情况.方法 对78例COPD患者肺部鲍氏不动杆菌感染的临床表现及药敏情况进行回顾分析.结果 药物敏感性测定提示该菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率最低,为14.9%,其次为亚胺培南和美罗培南,分别是24.8%和28.2%;对氨苄西林、头孢他啶,头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、阿米卡星、氨曲南和替卡西林/克拉维酸有较高耐药率,为48.5%～74.8%.结论 COPD患者肺部鲍氏不动杆菌感染与年老体弱,广谱抗菌药物及激素应用、呼吸道侵入性操作及呼吸机使用有关,临床表现无特异性,耐药严重,病死率高,应注意预防.