A qualitative exploration of the mechanisms,pathways and public health outcomes of a city centre 20mph speed limit intervention: The case of Belfast,United Kingdom

Twenty miles per hour (mph) speed limits can impact the health of the public (e.g., road safety, active travel). However, a better understanding of how individuals experience 20mph limits is required, to ensure interventions are cognisant of perceptions and potential un/intended outcomes. Focus groups (n = 9, 60 participants) to explore the Belfast 20mph intervention highlighted divergent perspectives and experiences including: 12 mechanisms (e.g., limited awareness), 15 pathways (e.g., reduced driving speed→improved liveability) and 10 public health outcomes (e.g., increased cyclist safety). Future interventions should consider un/intended outcomes and implement strategies to enhance effectiveness and mitigate harms (e.g., through training, enforcement).     

应用综合干预措施提高临床微生物标本送检质量

 目的 应用综合干预措施,提高临床微生物标本送检质量。方法 调查2018年9月—2020年8月某院治疗性使用抗菌药物的住院患者,2019年9月开始实施综合干预措施。综合干预措施包括签订责任书、工作质量考核与反馈、知识培训、信息系统控制等,比较干预前（2018年9月—2019年8月）与干预后（2019年9月—2020年8月）住院患者抗菌药物治疗前微生物标本、无菌性标本、呼吸道标本及血培养标本送检情况。结果 共调查治疗性使用抗菌药物的住院患者40 335例,干预前21 441例,干预后18 894例。干预后抗菌药物、限制级抗菌药物、特殊级抗菌药物治疗前微生物标本送检率分别为65.20%、67.36%、99.02%,高于干预前的63.64%、64.68%、91.27%,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。无菌性标本送检率由干预前的13.81%提高至干预后的15.85%,呼吸道标本送检率由干预前的37.63%下降至干预后的35.68%,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）。无菌性标本占比由干预前的30.43%提高至干预后的34.84%,呼吸道标本占比由干预前的45.74%下降至干预后的40.09%。两套及以上血培养标本占比由干预前的18.63%上升至干预后的21.95%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 应用综合干预措施可同时提高临床微生物标本送检率与送检质量。     

早期认知-行为干预对冠心病介入治疗患者心功能及自我管理能力的影响

目的 观察早期认知-行为干预对冠心病介入治疗患者心功能及自我管理能力的影响。方法 将2019年2月至2021年2月于我院接受介入治疗的100例冠心病患者随机分为观察组与对照组各50例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上实施早期认知-行为干预。对比两组的心功能[左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)及左室后壁厚度(LVPWd)]、自我管理能力。结果 护理后,观察组的LVEF高于对照组, LVEDD、 LVPWd低于对照组(P<0.05)。护理后,观察组症状管理、角色功能、情绪控制、沟通能力评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 早期认知-行为干预可显著改善冠心病介入治疗患者心功能状态与自我管理能力,促进其病情恢复,值得临床推广应用。     

儿童牙科畏惧症心理干预的临床疗效观察

目的：探讨心理干预对儿童牙科畏惧症（DA）疗效的影响,方法：采用Corah's牙科畏惧症评分法,筛选出316例DA儿童患者,分为干预组和对照组,干预组在进行常规牙科治疗的同时采用心理干预;对照组则为常规的牙科治疗。结果：干预组DA程度明显降低,与牙科治疗前以及对照组比较都有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,牙科治疗后干预组脉搏减慢例数多于对照组,脉博加快例数少于对照组,差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,心理干预后男性比女性疗效要好（P＜0．05）,结论：心理干预方法治疗儿童DA是有效的。     

社区精神分裂症综合式家庭干预对照研究

目的：了解综合式家庭干预对社区精神分裂症患者和家属的效果。方法：在宝山区随机抽取186例精神分裂症进行一年的综合式家庭干预对照研究,干预组86例接受综合式家庭干预和常规社区服务,对照组100例仅接受常规社区服务。结果：干预组患者年复发率下降47．3％,社区功能明显改善,干预组家庭对有关疾病知识增长,心理状况改善,照料负担减轻,与对照组比较效果显著。结论：综合式家庭干预对精神分裂症患者家属有良好的效果,应纳入常规社区服务。     

综合行为干预对慢性阻塞性肺病患者生命质量的影响

目的观察综合行为干预对缓解期慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者生命质量的影响.方法150例COPD患者分为治疗组和对照组,两组均给予常规药物治疗,治疗组增加综合行为干预措施,时间1年,分别在治疗前和1年后应用生命质量测评表评估患者生命质量变化.结果治疗组生命质量总分从2.3±0.4下降到1.59±0.3,日常生活能力评分由1.95±0.5降为1.43±0.3,社会活动评分由2.59±0.5降为1.63±0.5,抑郁心理评分由2.47±0.4降为1.59±0.3,焦虑心理评分由2.21±0.3降为1.78±0.2,对照组各项评分无明显改变.结论综合行为干预能改善COPD患者生命质量.     

Barriers and Facilitators to Lifestyle Intervention Engagement and Weight Loss in People Living With Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI) have a high prevalence of obesity and unique barriers to healthy lifestyle. Objective: To examine barriers and facilitators to engagement and weight loss among SCI participants enrolled in the Group Lifestyle Balance Adapted for individuals with Impaired Mobility (GLB-AIM), a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention. Methods: SCI participants (N = 31) enrolled in a wait-list, randomized controlled trial where all participants received intervention between August 2015 and February 2017. Analyses of pooled data occurred in 2020 to examine cross-sectional and prospective associations of hypothesized barriers and facilitators with (1) intervention engagement, comprised of attendance and self-monitoring, and (2) percent weight change from baseline to 12 months. We performed multivariable linear regression on variables associated with outcomes at p < .05 in bivariate analyses and controlled for intervention group. Results: Participants were middle-aged (mean age, 48.26 ± 11.01 years), equally male (50%) and female, White (80.7%), and unemployed (65.6%). In participants who completed baseline surveys (n = 30), dietary self-efficacy explained 26% of variance in engagement (p < .01); among the 12-month study completers (n = 22, 71.0%), relationship issues explained 23% of variance in engagement (p < .01). Money problems, health issues unrelated to SCI, lack of motivation, and experimental group explained 57% of variance in weight loss (p for model < .01), with lack of motivation uniquely explaining 24% of variance (p < .01). Conclusion: Improving engagement and weight loss for persons with SCI in the GLBAIM program may be achieved by addressing lack of motivation, relationship issues, and nutrition self-efficacy.     

Mindfulness-based interventions for eating disorders: The potential to mobilize multiple associative-learning change mechanisms

Mindfulness is a two-component skill that includes mindful awareness (attentional monitoring of present moment experience) and mindful acceptance (adopting an attitude of acceptance toward this experience). Although mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are efficacious for many conditions, there is a lack of research on MBIs for eating disorders (EDs). We propose that MBIs may be promising for EDs given their potential to mobilize not one, but multiple associative-learning change mechanisms in EDs–defined as adaptive processes of change involving one of two forms of associative-learning: Pavlovian and operant learning. We hypothesize how MBIs–via increasing either mindful awareness or mindful acceptance–may mobilize up to eight associative-learning change mechanisms, two involving Pavlovian learning, and six involving operant learning. We also elaborate on similarities and differences between MBIs and CBT approaches for EDs, as well as opportunities for synergy. Finally, we present recommendations for future research related to the development and evaluation of novel MBI interventions for EDs and the testing of mechanisms and patient-treatment matching hypotheses.