噪声危害防护措施评价分析

目的通过对10个建设项目噪声危害管理措施进行评价,为控制职业病危害提供科学依据。方法采用职业卫生学调查、职业健康检查,分析和比较工作场所不同工艺条件下,对噪声危害的综合管理措施。结果 10个项目中,90%落实了噪声的危害告知和配置了护耳器;30%对部分超标噪声岗位限制作业时限,配置隔声、消声设施,并实施职业健康体检;20%改革工艺降低噪声强度。1 124人听力检查结果中,听阈提高及观察对象的检出率分别为21.8%及2.4%。结论超标岗位在目前生产工艺未达到有效防护措施前提下,加强个体防护是防治噪声危害最为经济的方法,但实际效果需要落实相应的职业卫生管理制度。     

Protective immunity conferred by a DNA adenine methylase deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine when delivered in-water to sheep challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Stimulation of acquired immunity to Salmonella in livestock is not feasible in neonates (which can be infected within 24 h of birth) and is challenging in feedlots, which typically source animals from diverse locations and vendors. Induction of innate immune mechanisms through mass vaccination of animals upon arrival to feedlots is an alternative approach. Transport, environmental conditions, changes in social grouping, and further handling during feedlot assembly are significant stressors. These factors, as well as concurrent exposure to a diversity of pathogens, contribute to the risk of disease. We have shown that oral immunization of calves with a modified live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain, which lacks the DNA adenine methylase gene (S. Typhimurium dam), attenuates the severity of clinical disease, reduces fecal shedding, and promotes clearance of salmonellae following virulent homologous and heterologous challenge. This study examines the safety and efficacy of a S. Typhimurium dam vaccine in sheep via oral delivery in drinking water (ad libitum), as a means to effectively vaccinate large groups of animals. Adult merino sheep were vaccinated in drinking water −28 days, −7 days and 24 h pre and 24 h post-virulent Salmonella Typhimurium challenge which was administered via the oral route. Significant attenuation of clinical disease (temperature, appetite, and attitude) and reduction in mortality and virulent Salmonella Typhimurium fecal shedding and tissue colonization was observed in animals that received the vaccine 28 and 7 days pre-challenge. Further, vaccination did not pose a risk to stock previously infected with virulent salmonellae as mortalities and clinical disease in sheep vaccinated prior to or following virulent challenge did not differ significantly from the non-vaccinated controls. The capacity of S. Typhimurium dam vaccines delivered in drinking water to protect livestock from virulent Salmonella challenge offers an effective, economical, stressor free Salmonella prophylaxis for intensive livestock production systems.     

Evaluation of the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of a novel identified immunogenic protein, SsPepO, of Streptococcus suis serotype 2

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) is an important porcine and human pathogen. Some proteins secreted by S. suis 2 are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of this organism and in its induced immune response. SsPepO has been previously identified as a secretary immunogenic protein using immunoproteomic techniques. In this study, we confirmed that the sequence of this protein is highly conserved in S. suis 2 and compared it with its homologues in other pathogens. To test the protective efficacy of SsPepO in animal models, the recombinant SsPepO protein was used to immunize mice and pigs. The results demonstrated that it could elicit a strong humoral antibody response and confer significant protection against challenge with a lethal dose of S. suis 2 in mice and pig models. In addition, the antisera against rSsPepO could efficiently inhibit bacterial growth in a whole blood assay and conferred significant protection against S. suis 2 infection in passive immunization experiments. Our findings suggest that SsPepO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of S. suis 2 and would be a promising subunit vaccine candidate.     

36台医用加速器装置泄漏辐射水平测量与分析

目的测量与分析医用加速器装置泄漏辐射水平,为放射治疗设备防护性能的改进和制订有效的质量控制检测方案提供科学依据。方法以36台医用加速器为检测研究对象,使用热释光剂量计(TLD)等仪器测量医用加速器的X射线泄漏辐射剂量,结合相关标准进行分析和评价。结果 36台加速器中,除1台距靶点1 m处的平均相对辐射泄漏率为0.16%外,另外35台均低于0.1%,治疗床平面2 m圆内和准直器的相对辐射泄漏率平均值分别低于0.1%和1.0%;准直器辐射泄漏率的平均值均在0.11%~0.56%波动;距电子轨道1 m的泄漏辐射剂量均是靶端(T)高于枪端(G)。结论医用加速器的泄漏辐射水平直接反映设备的防护性能,加强每台设备的防护验收和质量控制检测是非常必要的。     

医院消毒供应中心人员的职业危害及防护对策

目的分析消毒供应中心工作人员存在的职业安全危害因素,提出防护对策。方法根据消毒供应中心工作人员可能遇到的危害因素,制定并落实规范化的防护措施。结果通过职业安全防护知识和标准预防教育,加强锐利器械损伤防护和处理,重视供应中心内环境质量管理,增强了供应中心工作人员的自身防护意识,有效地减少职业危害因素对人体的伤害。结论减少造成职业危害的各种因素,是加强职业安全防护,确保消毒供应中心工作人员身体健康的关键。     

消毒供应室职业暴露及防范措施

目的探讨消毒供应室工作人员职业暴露及防护措施。方法根据消毒供应室工作人员暴露的危险因素,制定并落实规范化的防护措施。结果提高了职业暴露防护意识,加强了职业安全管理,有效地防止职业感染的发生,确保了工作人员身心健康。结论重视工作人员的职业暴露教育,减少或消除造成职业暴露的各种因素是防范措施的关键。     

The social context of controlled drug use amongst young people in a slum area in Makassar, Indonesia

Background

There are few studies exploring the social context of controlled drug use amongst young people in Indonesia. This qualitative study examines the experience of young people in a slum area (lorong) in Makassar, eastern Indonesia, who use drugs but are not drug dependent and who employ various forms of self regulation to control their use.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight controlled drug users.

Results

The study found that whilst controlled drug users lived in a drug risk environment, they were not deeply embedded in the street culture, risk-taking practises and drug scene within their locality. Their employment, albeit in the informal economy and in low-paid jobs, facilitated their perspective that the status of rewa (a local construct of masculinity) and gaul (being sociable and up-to-date) could and should be accomplished through conventional means such as jobs and halal (legitimate) income. Their employment generated both direct benefit (legitimate income) and indirect benefit, including meaningful activities, structured time, positive identity and wider social networks (bridging social capital). This enabled them to have a stake in mainstream society and provided an incentive to control drug use. All factors which are protective against escalation into problematic drug use.

Conclusion

The study showed the importance of sociological concepts of direct and indirect benefits of employment and of social capital in understanding the social context of controlled drug use amongst young people in the lorong. Additionally, drug policy should be more cognizant of the social vulnerability in the lorong and of the need to increase access to employment amongst young people in order to potentially decrease the likelihood of problematic drug use.     

脑外科开展优质护理服务的实践效果

目的深入贯彻落实医药卫生体制改革总体部署和2010年全国卫生工作会议精神,认真实践科学发展观,坚持"以病人为中心",加强临床护理工作,为人民群众提供优质的护理服务。方法结合科室实际,开展优质护理服务示范工程。结果夯实基础护理,丰富服务内涵,提高护理质量,推进护理工作贴近患者、贴近临床、贴近社会。结论为患者提供安全、有效、方便、满意的护理服务,增进医患和谐。     

强化健康宣教在改善老年糖尿病患者生存质量方面的效果观察

[目的]探讨强化健康宣教在改善老年糖尿病患者生存质量方面的效果。[方法]选取2009年1月~2010年12月于某院进行治疗的140例老年糖尿病患者为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组(常规宣教组)70例和观察组(强化宣教组)70例,后将两组患者治疗前后的治疗依从性、相关知识掌握情况及SF-36评分进行统计及比较。[结果]观察组的治疗依从性及相关知识掌握情况均优于对照组,SF-36评分高于对照组,P﹤0.05或P﹤0.01,为有显著性差异或有非常显著性差异。[结论]强化健康宣教可以改善老年患者的治疗依从性和相关知识掌握情况,在改善老年糖尿病患者生存质量方面的效果明显。     

Health Behavior and Protective Factors Among School Children in Four African Countries

Background  Increasing trends of non-communicable diseases is a worldwide phenomenon including in the developing countries. Few studies focus on adolescent’s positive health and their predictors. Purpose  The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of adolescent’s health enhancing health behaviors and their relationship with potentially protective factors in the home and school environment. Method  The sample included 12,740 students at the ages from 13 to 15 years from four African countries (Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) chosen by a two-stage cluster sample design to represent all students in grades 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 in each country. The measure used was part of the Global School-Based Health Survey questionnaire including various domains of health behavior. Results  More than 70% of the participants scored positively for the items concerning non-tobacco use, limiting alcohol consumption, non-drug use, washing hands before eating, and were abstinent or had used a condom at last sex, while fewer than 50% fulfilled criteria for washing hands with soap, never bullied in the past 30 days, no passive smoking, condom use at last sex, physically active for at least 60 min per day for 3 days in a week, and walk or bike to school. Multiple logistic regression identified school attendance, parental or guardian connectedness, peer support at school, and parental supervision are important for adolescent health in this sample. Conclusion  These findings enable health care professionals and researchers designing intervention studies to promote positive health practices.