综合保温措施在PACU全麻术后预防寒战的效果分析

目的：探讨综合保温措施在PACU全麻术后预防寒战的效果,为临床护理工作提供参考。方法：将460例全麻手术患者按照随机数字表法分为常规治疗组220例和综合保温组240例。常规治疗组按常规调节室温22～25℃及覆盖棉被保温。综合保温组在常规治疗组处理的基础上采用升温毯升温,术中、术后使用各种液体、冲洗液、吸痰液,术前消毒液均用温箱加温至37℃等综合保温措施。观察两组患者手术前30 min、手术结束时、在PACU期间和转入病房前10 min的体温,清醒、拔管和离室的时间以及术后寒战发生情况。结果：综合保温组患者手术前30 min、手术结束时、在PACU期间和转入病房前10 min的体温均明显高于同期的常规治疗组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。综合保温组低体温发生率明显低于常规治疗组,寒战的分级情况明显优于常规治疗组,且清醒、拔管和离室的时间均明显短于常规治疗组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：采用综合保温措施有利于对全麻术后患者的复苏,可有效预防和减轻寒战的发生,值得临床推广应用。     

水痘减毒活疫苗现场流行病学保护效力的Meta分析

目的 评价水痘减毒活疫苗现场流行病学保护效力,为优化水痘减毒活疫苗免疫程序提供依据.方法 电子检索《中国期刊全文数据库》和《美国国家医学图书馆数据库》,采用Meta分析对2000年以来发表的水痘减毒活疫苗保护效力病例对照研究的文献进行汇总、归纳和统计分析.使用RevMan5.1软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入24篇文献.水痘减毒活疫苗总保护效力为69％ (95 ％CI:60％～75％),对幼儿(＜7岁)保护效力为86％ (95％CI:75％～92％),对小学生(≥7岁)的保护效力为67％(95％CI:50％～79％).结论 水痘减毒活疫苗具有一定的保护效力,但随着时间的推移保护效果降低.     

Use and perception of breast protective equipment by female contact football players

ObjectivesFemale contact football players sustain contact breast injuries that can negatively affect their sporting performance. This study investigated what female contact football players wear on their breasts during training and competition, and their perceptions on the protection provided by these garments against contact breast injury.DesignA custom-designed survey about breast injuries and prevention strategies was distributed via an online link to coaches and team staff of contact football teams throughout Australia. The fit and features of breast support and/or protection that players wore during training and competition were also directly assessed.Methods207 female Australian Football League (AFL), Rugby League, Rugby Union (XVs) and Rugby 7 s players completed the survey. The breast support of 112 of these players was also assessed.ResultsOnly 17% (n = 35) of players reported using breast protective equipment, of which 66% (n = 23) perceived it provided protection against contact breast injuries. Reasons reported for not using protective equipment included not knowing it existed (n = 79, 53%), it was too uncomfortable/hot (n = 50, 24%) and that it did not fit or was restrictive (n = 33, 22%). Although most players (n = 97, 87%) reported to wear a sports bra, 52% (n = 58) wore an ill-fitted bra and only 31% (n = 63) perceived it provided any protection against contact breast injuries.ConclusionsBreast protective equipment is not commonly worn by female contact football players reportedly due to a lack of awareness of its existence, discomfort or poor fit. Although most female contact football players usually wore a sports bra, most players perceived these bras did not provide breast protection.     

Inclusion of a universal tetanus toxoid CD4 T cell epitope P2 significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rotavirus ΔVP8* subunit parenteral vaccines

Currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix^® and RotaTeq^®, are highly efficacious in developed countries. However, the immunogenicity and efficacy of such vaccines in some developing countries are low. We reported previously that bacterially-expressed rotavirus ΔVP8* subunit vaccine candidates with P[8], P[4] or P[6] specificity elicited high-titer virus neutralizing antibodies in animals immunized intramuscularly. Of note was the finding that antibodies induced with the P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine neutralized both homotypic P[8] and heterotypic P[4] rotavirus strains to high titer. To further improve its vaccine potential, a tetanus toxoid universal CD4⁺ T cell epitope P2 was introduced into P[8] or P[6]ΔVP8* construct. The resulting recombinant fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were of high solubility and were produced with high yield. Two doses (10 or 20 μg/dose) of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine or P2-P[6]ΔVP8* vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant elicited significantly higher geometric mean homologous neutralizing antibody titers than the vaccines without P2 in intramuscularly immunized guinea pigs. Interestingly, high levels of neutralizing antibody responses induced in guinea pigs with 3 doses of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine persisted for at least 6 months. Furthermore, in the gnotobiotic piglet challenge study, three intramuscular doses (50 μg/dose) of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea and significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea and the cumulative diarrhea score after oral challenge with virulent human rotavirus Wa (G1P[8]) strain. The P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine induced serum virus neutralizing antibody and VP4-specific IgG antibody production prechallenge, and primed the pigs for higher antibody and intestinal and systemic virus-specific IFN-γ producing CD4⁺ T cell responses postchallenge. These two subunit vaccines could be used at a minimum singly or preferably in bivalent formulation to provide antigenic coverage of most of the G types of global importance.     

Chemically induced Salmonella enteritidis ghosts as a novel vaccine candidate against virulent challenge in a rat model

Salmonella enteritidis ghosts (SEGs), non-living empty bacterial cell envelopes were generated by using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and investigated as a vaccine candidate in rats. To determine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SEG vaccine, rats were divided into four groups: group A (non-vaccinated control), group B (orally vaccinated), group C (intramuscularly vaccinated) and group D (intramuscularly vaccinated with complete Freund's adjuvant). Vaccination of rats with SEGs induced significant immune responses before and after virulent challenge. Rats vaccinated with SEGs showed significant increases in serum IgG antibodies after challenging with virulent S. enteritidis on week 8 and week 10 (P < 0.01). During the vaccination period, groups B, C and D showed significantly higher serum bactericidal activity (SBA) compared to group A (P < 0.01). Most importantly, bacterial loads in vaccinated groups were significantly lower than in the non-vaccinated group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, these results show that the chemically induced SEGs as a vaccine candidate against virulent challenge.     

造血干细胞移植患者保护性隔离期间孤独感的研究进展

造血干细胞移植（hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT）患者保护性隔离期间多具有孤独感,对其健康结局会造成不良影响。该文对HSCT患者保护性隔离期间孤独感的研究进行综述,包括孤独感的概念、相关理论、评估工具、影响因素及干预措施等。目前,国内相关研究较少,建议未来开展HSCT患者孤独感现状、影响因素及其与患者健康结局间关系的研究,为构建系统化干预方案提供依据。     

FMEA法在医疗风险管理中的应用现状与展望

面对日趋严峻的医疗风险问题,如何识别和应对风险已经成为整个医疗行业共同面对的议题。以失效模式与效应分析法在医疗风险管理中的应用为研究对象,探讨失效模式与效应分析法的具体实施方法和目前在国内外医疗行业的应用现状,并对失效模式与效应分析法在末来医疗风险管理中的应用予以展望。     

A型主动脉夹层患者术后急性呼吸功能不全护理干预的研究进展

主动脉夹层是严重危害人类健康的急危重症,患者术后急性呼吸功能不全相关的病死率较高。该文主要对A型主动脉夹层患者术后急性呼吸功能不全的护理干预策略进行综述,为医护人员对该类人群进行有效的干预提供借鉴与参考。     

尿流动力学检查继发尿路感染的影响因素分析与防护措施

目的分析尿流动力学检查继发尿路感染的影响因素,以便加强防范,提高疾病治疗效果。方法选取2018年4月至2019年4月收治的200例尿流动力学检查患者为研究对象,收集24~48 h尿液并进行尿细菌培养实验,其中有17例(8.5%)患者白细胞>18个/ul,且中段尿培养阳性,确诊为尿路感染;采用自制量表,收集患者临床资料与尿流动力学参数进行对比分析。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,膀胱出口梗阻、前列腺体积、反复尿路感染史、合并糖尿病为导致尿流动力学检查患者继发尿路感染的独立危险因素。结论膀胱出口梗阻、前列腺体积、检查前尿路感染患者除了术前遵医嘱给予抗生素治疗外,还应积极治疗原发病,为检查顺利进行创造最佳条件。