育龄期妇女不同剂次破伤风类毒素免疫的效果观察

为观察不同剂次破伤风类毒素（ＴＴ）的免疫效果,对我省郑州市金水区、密县、辉县和三门峡市８５８名育龄期妇女分别进行１．２、３剂次免疫。结果显示,经１、２、３剂次ＴＴ免疫后,抗毒素均可达到较高水平,分别为０．２５ＩＵ／ｍｌ、１．００３ＩＵ／ｍｌ、１．０９３ＩＵ／ｍｌ,保护率分别达到８４１％、９６．５％、９１１％．     

肾综合征出血热疫苗效果免疫(感染)增强和免疫策略研究

目的:研究肾综合征出血热疫苗效果免疫(感染)增强和免疫策略。方法:在疫苗试区设立对照组和接种组,观察期为1995年8月至1998年12月,全程接种3针,1年后加强1针。结果:全程接种了10178人,对照人群全程观察16159人,当年发病减少数为33例,4年平均保护率达93.89％。人群接种后局部和全身反应较明显。全程接种后2周荧光(IFA)抗体和中和抗体阳转率分别为100％和44.44％,一年后分别下降到28.57％和14.80％;加强后2周IFA抗体和中和抗体阳转率分别反弹至83.33％和55.56％,其抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)也随之下降和回升。结论:疫苗是安全有效的,有较好的血清学效果和流行病学效果,有免疫增强反应,但未发现感染增强反应。此外,加强免疫很有必要。     

The influence of personal protection, environmental hygiene and exposure to pesticides on the health of immigrant farm workers in a desert country

Farm workers in developing countries tend not to use protective measures while handling pesticides. This study investigates the use of personal protection equipment and the practice of safety and hygiene procedures in the handling of pesticides in agriculture. Methods: Through a multi-stage sampling technique, one-fifth of the farms in a region were selected and all the farm workers at these farms were included in the study. A comparison population matching in age, socio-economic status and stay in the region was selected. A specifically designed questionnaire was used to collect information on the use of protective measures and the practice of safety and hygiene during work and on the disposal of empty pesticide containers. Blood pressure and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured in the exposed and the unexposed populations. Results: Protective equipment was worn by a minority of farm workers – gloves, by 35%; work coveralls, by 36%; a scarf to cover the nose and mouth, by 39%; and shoes at work, by 79%. With regard to personal hygiene measures, 83% of the workers changed clothes after work and the same proportion took a shower after work; 63% and 46% drank and ate while at work respectively; and 11% used articles of domestic use in the preparation of pesticides on the farm. Most of the farm workers (96%) were asked to prepare pesticides for spraying by the foreman and 61% were asked to spray the pesticides on the crops. AChE activity was highly significantly depleted in the exposed population as compared with the unexposed population. Conclusions: AChE depletion was found to be negatively associated with the use of gloves, of work coveralls, and of a scarf to cover the nose and mouth and with the implementation of safety and hygiene procedures on the farm. AChE depletion was positively associated with the frequency of pesticide spraying. Received: 30 January 1998 / Accepted: 19 August 1998     

肾综合征出血热长爪沙鼠肾细胞,地鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗免疫效果研究

目的：观察沙鼠肾Ⅰ型灭活疫苗、地鼠肾Ⅱ型灭活疫苗的免疫效果。方法：选择在姬鼠型疫区及家鼠型疫区两个现场,以整群抽样方法,每一疫区各设一接种组和一对照组,分别研究沙鼠苗和地鼠苗的安全性,血清抗体效价和实际防病效果。结果：沙鼠苗：中强反应率２１３％（５１／３５６）、荧光抗体阳转率：基免后１００％、一年后５４１６％、加强针后两周：１００％、第三年７７４％、第四年：７２００％;中和抗体阳转率分别（时间同上）为：７０３７％、０、７３３３％、３２３０％、３２０％。全程接种（四针）疫苗保护率为１００％（全程接种者无病人,疫种三针者发病１人,对照组发病５３人）。地鼠苗：中强反应率：３９７％（５１／１２８４）、荧光抗体阳转率分别为（时间同上）：１００％、３６３６％、１００％、７７１０％、８０００％。中和抗体阳转率：５０００％、１７６５％、１００％、５１４０％、４４００％。全程接种疫苗保护率为１００％（接种者无１人发病,对照组发病９７人）。结论：两种疫苗经过四年观察认为是安全有效的,未发现有增强反应,地鼠苗实际防病效果更为显著。     

Noradrenaline transport by rat heart sympathetic nerves: A re-examination of the role of sodium ions

Summary The effect of sodium ion on ³H-(–)-noradrenaline (0.0875 to 0.5 M) transport by rat heart atrial hemi-appendages incubated in vitro has been studied, and the following observations made: a) When sodium was omitted (choline and lithium substitution) there was no evidence for active noradrenaline transport, and only a component that did not show saturation kinetics up to 1 M noradrenaline, remained. b) Omission of sodium or addition of 4×10^–5 M desipramine inhibited noradrenaline transport to exactly the same extent, and their effects were not additive. Alprenolol did not reduce this sodium-independent transport, but tropolone lowered it somewhat. c) No evidence for corticosterone-sensitive noradrenaline transport (uptake-2) was found in this preparation at the low amine concentrations used. d) In control medium, the kinetic parameters of transport were: K _m: 0.59 ± 0.063 M and V _max: 2.44 ± 0.43 (pmoles/mg protein/min). With 26 mM sodium and the rest substituted by choline, K _m:2.26 ± 0.70 M (P0.001) and V _max: 2.74 ± 0.43 (pmoles/mg protein/min) (not significant). Also with 26 mM sodium, but with sucrose substitution, K _m: 0.76 ± 0.13 M (N.S.) and V _max: 1.06 ± 0.13 (pmol/mg/min) (P<0.05). Such results indicate that sodium only modifies the affinity of the transport system for noradrenaline, without changing V _max, and that changes in the latter are only a consequence of a reduction of the ionic strength. e) When noradrenaline transport was studied at different concentrations of external sodium, at constant ionic strength and with precautions to minimize the noradrenaline-releasing effect of low sodium, it was found that the data could be best represented by two hyperbolas placed in series. This suggests that the noradrenaline carrier has two sites for sodium, that do not interact with each other. When the same experiments were repeated in the absence of chloride, it was found that the noradrenaline transport system had lost virtually all its affinity for sodium. f) The effect of prolonged tissue incubation in the absence of sodium was found to produce a relatively small inactivation of noradrenaline transport. Such phenomenon was enhanced by raising the calcium concentration to 2 mM.     

肝心康胶囊对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的 观察肝心康胶囊(GXK)对小鼠3种肝损伤模型的保护作用：方法采用四氯化碳(CCl4)、对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)、D-氨基半乳糖 脂多糖(D-GalN LPS)致小鼠肝损伤的3种模型，测定用药前后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)。结果GXK能明显降低CCl4,APAP,D-GalN LPS引起的肝损伤后小鼠血清中升高的ALT水平。结论GXK对实验性肝损伤有明显的保护作用。     

佛甲草对小鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：观察佛甲草对小鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用。方法：分别采用四氯化碳（CCl4）、α-萘异硫氰酸酯（ANIT）一次性灌胃中毒致小鼠急性肝损伤及黄疸模型，测定血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBiL）含量及血清、肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮（NO）水平和观察肝组织病理变化，分析佛甲草对上述指标的影响。结果：佛甲草能明显降低CCl4中毒性小鼠血清ALT、血清及肝组织中MDA含量（P〈0.01），使SOD，NO水平显著增高（P〈0．01，P〈0．001）；能明显降低ANIT中毒性小鼠血清TBil含量（P〈0．001）；肝脏病理组织学检查表明佛甲草能明显减轻肝细胞的变性和坏死。结论：佛甲草对CCl4和ANIT所致的急性肝损伤有保护作用，其机理可能与抗脂质过氧化及改善肝脏微循环，恢复肝脏功能的作用有关。     

研究经络本质的新途径

目的:探索经络的物质本质的新途径.方法:回顾分析了国内外近20年经络实质研究概况,并详细介绍了缝隙连接(GJ)、半通道的结构特点及其与经络的某些相似之处.结果:针刺效应的产生与神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统以及结缔组织等密切相关;同一组织内和不同组织间相同和不同细胞间的GJ、半通道可能是机械性刺激信号(针刺)在体内转变为生物电信号或化学信号的结构基础.结论:针刺效应是在腧穴接受刺激的条件下,以高密度的GJ、半通道作为物质基础,以细胞间液、组织间液为缓冲系统的神经、血管、内分泌、免疫等多个系统的综合反应.     

Violence in the Schools: Clinical Issues and Case Analysis for High-Risk Children

School violence in rural communities has gained considerable attention nationally. Examined are theoretical considerations involving escape theory, the risk and protective factors for school violence, case analyses of recent case studies, and discussion of recent school violence involving fatal injuries to others. Also discussed are diagnostic issues in understanding children who are at-risk for school violence and ways school violence maybe managed in the schools. Suggestions and recommendations including recommendations provided by the National School Safety Center for school personnel are offered, as are steps to be taken in creating a safe school environment. This information may be helpful to child psychiatry and clinical personnel who provide services to school aged children.     

老年人轻度认知功能损伤危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨轻度认知功能损伤（MCI）的可能危险因素.方法 采用病例对照研究,分析MCI以及年龄、性别和职业相匹配的认知功能正常老年人各97例和143例.结果 单因素分析显示,冠心病、脑卒中和贫血病史以及受教育程度在两组之间差异有统计学意义;多因素分析去除了年龄的影响后,证实冠心病、脑卒中和贫血病史以及受教育程度与MCI显著相关,OR值（95%CI）分别为2.21（1.18～4.14）、2.18（1.20～3.98）、4.63（1.79～11.97）和0.75（0.58～0.97）.结论 冠心病、脑卒中和贫血病史可能是MCI的独立危险因素,高教育水平是MCI的保护因素.