Expressão fenotípica da miocardiopatia hipertrófica e realce tardio na ressonância magnética cardíaca

Introduction and AimThe prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) for risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients is the subject of disagreement. We set out to examine the association between clinical and morphological variables, risk factors for sudden cardiac death and LGE in HCM patients.MethodsFrom a population of 78 patients with HCM, we studied 53 who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance. They were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of LGE. Ventricular arrhythmias and morbidity and mortality during follow‐up were analyzed.ResultsPatients with LGE were younger at the time of diagnosis (p=0.046) and more often had a family history of sudden death (p=0.008) and known coronary artery disease (p=0.086). On echocardiography they had greater maximum wall thickness (p=0.007) and left atrial area (p=0.037) and volume (p=0.035), and more often presented a restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction (p=0.011) with a higher E/É ratio (p=0.003) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (p=0.038). Cardiac magnetic resonance supported the association between LGE and previous echocardiographic findings: greater left atrial area (p=0.029) and maximum wall thickness (p<0.001) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.056). Patients with LGE more often had an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) (p=0.015). At follow‐up, no differences were found in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, appropriate ICD therapies or mortality.ConclusionsThe presence of LGE emerges as a risk marker, associated with the classical predictors of sudden cardiac death in this population. However, larger studies are required to confirm its independent association with clinical events.     

Coronary artery diseases in Japanese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

BackgroundBoth the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing in aged societies. However, limited data are available regarding the prevalence of CAD and the incidence of coronary events in Japanese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).Methods and resultsThe data in this study were derived from Shinken Database 2004–2010, which includes 15,227 new patient visitors to the Cardiovascular Institute between June 2004 and March 2011. In the database, 1835 patients were diagnosed with NVAF (mean age 63 years, mean CHADS2 score 1.1 ± 1.1, and 75% were men). The prevalence of CAD at the initial visit was 118 patients (6.4%). They were older age and had a greater prevalence of men, more history of congestive heart failure and more history of cardiovascular risk factors rather than those without. During the follow-up period of 532 ± 599 days, coronary events (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and stable angina) occurred in 51 patients (1.9%/year). Multivariate analysis showed that a history of CAD (p < 0.001) and older age (p = 0.024) were independent predictors of the incidence of future coronary events.ConclusionsIn Japanese patients with NVAF, both the presence of CAD and the occurrence of coronary events are not uncommon. History of CAD and older age are strongly associated with the incidence of coronary events.     

L’hypo-albuminémie contribue-t-elle à l’aggravation de l’insuffisance cardiaque ?

BackgroundHypoalbuminemia has now emerged as a powerful prognosticator in heart failure regardless of age, clinical presentation, left ventricular ejection fraction and usual prognostic markers. Growing evidence is that this prognostic value persists after adjusting for causative factors for hypoalbuminemia such as malnutrition, inflammation and liver dysfunction.ObjectiveTo address the prognostic relevance of hypoalbuminemia in frail elderly patients with well-characterized cardiogenic pulmonary edema at high risk for adverse outcome, beyond causative factors for low serum albumin levels. Serum albumin was measured after clinical stabilization to avoid hypervolemia.ResultsIn all, 67 patients with a mean age of 86 years were included. Hospital mortality was 30%. Patients who died and who survived were similar in age, ejection fraction, BNP concentration, serum creatinine, serum hemoglobin, total bilirubin and prealbumin. Patients who died had lower serum albumin levels (P < 0.001), higher blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.03) and higher C-reactive protein (P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, serum albumin was the sole independent predictor of hospital death (P < 0.01), after adjusting for malnutrition (prealbumin P = ns), inflammation (C-reactive protein P = ns) and liver dysfunction (total bilirubin P = ns).ConclusionSerum albumin is a powerful prognosticator in frail elderly patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema even after adjusting for main causative factors. These results suggest that hypoalbuminemia may contribute to the worsening of heart failure given the physiological properties of serum albumin that includes antioxidant activity and plasma colloid osmotic pressure action. Further studies are critically needed to address the relevance of prevention and correction of hypoalbuminemia in heart failure.     

Low exercise blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

The independent prognostic significance of abnormally low systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise stress testing (LowExBP) across different clinical and exercise conditions is unknown. We sought by systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between cardiovascular/all-cause outcomes and LowExBP across different patient clinical presentations, exercise modes, exercise intensities and categories of LowExBP.

Methods

Seven online databases were searched for longitudinal studies reporting the association of LowExBP with risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and/or all-cause mortality. LowExBP was defined as either: SBP drop below baseline; failure to increase >10 mmHg from baseline or; lowest SBP quantile among reporting studies.

Results

After review of 13,257 studies, 19 that adjusted for resting SBP were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 45,895 participants (average follow-up, 4.4 ± 3.0 years). For the whole population, LowExBP was associated with increased risk for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59–2.53, p < 0.001). In continuous analyses, a 10 mmHg decrease in exercise SBP was associated with higher risk (n = 9 HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06–1.20, p < 0.001). LowExBP was associated with increased risk regardless of clinical presentation (coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or peripheral artery disease), exercise mode (treadmill or bike), exercise intensity (moderate or maximal), or LowExBP category (all p < 0.05). However, bias toward positive results was apparent (Eggers test p < 0.001 and p = 0.009).

Conclusion

Our data show that irrespective of clinical or exercise conditions, LowExBP independently predicts fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.     

基于诺模图模型预测内镜下治疗肝硬化胃静脉曲张的疗效

目的通过诺模图(Nomogram)模型预测内镜下组织黏合剂治疗肝硬化患者胃静脉曲张的疗效。方法选择2014年8月至2017年9月因肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血至复旦大学附属中山医院就诊且接受内镜下组织黏合剂治疗的158例患者。随访12个月,主要结局指标为再出血。分析肝硬化胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的影响因素。构建诺模图模型,比较其与Child分级、计算机体层摄影血管造影(CTA)和肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)预测肝硬化胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的准确性。统计学分析采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析,以及Kaplan-Meier曲线和log-rank检验。结果随访中,在内镜下治疗后2、6和12个月分别出现再出血18例(11.4%)、37例(23.4%)和49例(31.0%)。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,性别、酒精性肝硬化、糖尿病、Child-Pugh分级(A级与B或C级)、CTA腔外血管(有与无)、HVPG(<16 mmHg与≥16 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、门脉系统广泛栓塞、食管静脉曲张、食管胃静脉曲张2型、组织黏合剂注射点(≤3点与>3点)和组织黏合剂注射量(≤3 mL与>3 mL)均为胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的影响因素(HR=0.575、2.018、1.562、3.433、2.945、1.859、2.743、0.324、1.840、1.477、1.716,95%CI 0.305~1.084、0.902~4.514、0.814~2.792、1.753~6.724、1.663~5.217、1.012~3.415、0.852~8.830、0.079~1.335、1.012~3.317、0.839~2.602、0.935~3.152,P均<0.2)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,Child-Pugh分级、CTA腔外血管和HVPG均为胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的独立危险因素(HR=2.665、2.886、2.095,95%CI 1.339~5.300、1.580~5.271、1.099~3.995,P均<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,Child-Pugh分级(A级与B或C级)、CTA腔外血管(有与无)和HVPG(<16 mmHg与≥16 mmHg)均能有效预测胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后1年累积未再出血率,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,联合Child-Pugh分级、CTA腔外血管和HVPG(<16 mmHg与≥16 mmHg)的模型可能比Child-Pugh分级和HVPG有更好的预测价值(AUC=0.746、0.673和0.585,95%CI 0.662~0.829、0.583~0.762和0.486~0.683,P<0.01、P=0.001、P=0.089)。根据诺模图评分的下四分位数和上四分位数将患者分为低、中、高危组,结果显示诺模图可以有效区分胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的高危人群,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论CTA腔外血管、HVPG和Child-Pugh分级是肝硬化胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗疗效的独立预测指标,基于此3项指标建立的诺模图模型的预测准确性可能优于Child-Pugh分级和HVPG。     

桥本甲状腺炎和甲状腺癌的关系

近年来,桥本甲状腺炎和甲状腺癌（尤其是乳头状甲状腺癌）患病率均呈上升趋势,桥本甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌也逐年增加.桥本甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌相关性的机制尚未明了,目前有共同病因学说、癌前病变学说、淋巴细胞浸润学说3种观点,其中共同病因包括辐射、高碘、免疫及促甲状腺激素作用等,在共同病因作用下,桥本甲状腺炎、甲状腺癌患病率均升高.一些分子在桥本甲状腺炎和甲状腺癌高表达,与甲状腺其他疾病存在表达差异,可预测桥本甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌的相关性.甲状腺癌灶周围组织淋巴细胞的浸润也可能与桥本甲状腺炎相关.     

Alerta: los síntomas gastrointestinales podrían ser una manifestación de la COVID-19

BackgroundThere is an increasing number of reports on the presentation of gastrointestinal symptoms in cases of COVID-19.AimTo review the studies reporting gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19.ResultsFifteen articles (2,800 patients) were identified. Gastrointestinal symptom frequency varied from 3.0% to 39.6% and included diarrhea (7.5%), náusea (4.5%), anorexia (4.4%), vomiting (1.3%), abdominal pain (0.5%), and belching/reflux (0.3%). Those symptoms can be the first manifestation of COVID-19, but whether they reflect a better or worse prognosis, is controversial. The potential relation of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor in the digestive tract as an entry route for the virus is discussed.ConclusionGastrointestinal symptoms may be common in COVID-19, in some cases appearing as the first manifestation, even before fever and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, clinicians and gastroenterologists must be aware of those atypical cases during the current pandemic, as well as of the fecal-oral route and corresponding preventive measures.     

Aspartate aminotransferase and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease

Background and aimsEvidence on the association between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity and mortality of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is limited. We investigated whether there is an association between AST activity and mortality in IHD patients.Methods and resultsThe study included 6857 patients with coronary angiography-proven IHD and AST activity within the reference range. AST activity measurements were available in all patients. The primary outcome was 3-year cardiac mortality. Patients were categorized in groups according to the AST activity tertiles: a group with AST within the 1st tertile (AST < 17.0 U/L), a group with AST within the 2nd tertile (AST > 17–24.5 U/L) and a group with AST within the 3rd tertile (AST > 24.5 U/L). Cardiac death (n = 297) occurred in 109, 69 and 119 patients in the 1st to 3rd AST tertiles (Kaplan–Meier estimates of mortality: 5.3%, 3.6% and 5.9%; univariable hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–2.36, P < 0.001 for tertile 3 vs. 2; HR = 1.13 [0.87–1.46], P = 0.370 for tertile 3 vs. 1; and HR = 0.65 [0.48–0.87], P = 0.004 for tertile 2 vs. 1). The association between AST and cardiac mortality was U-shaped. AST values <15 U/L (HR = 1.118 [1.009–1.238]) and >23 U/L (HR = 1.029 [1.003–1.056]) were associated with higher cardiac mortality compared with the reference value (21 U/L). After adjustment, the association between AST and cardiac mortality was attenuated (P = 0.133) but remained non-linear (P = 0.047).ConclusionsIn patients with IHD, AST activity was associated with the risk of cardiac mortality with a U-shaped relationship. After adjustment, the association between AST and mortality was attenuated.     

脑电双频指数监测临床应用的新进展

背景 麻醉深度判断一直是临床医师非常关注的问题.脑电双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）监测是目前应用最为广泛的量化麻醉深度的监测手段,随着BIS监测的普及,其应用价值也不断得到更深入的认识. 目的 就BIS临床应用的新进展作一综述. 内容 术中BIS监测可以使麻醉医师以适合的麻醉深度为目标个体化按需给药,既有助于避免麻醉过浅导致术中知晓,也可避免不必要的麻醉过深而造成的术后恢复延迟,这对于慢性肝病患者的麻醉尤其重要.术中BIS监测有助于通过避免麻醉过深加快患者术后认知功能恢复,并可能改善患者远期预后.对于围术期全脑缺血的高危患者,术中BIS突然下降可能提示脑灌注不足.BIS监测可能还有助于对心跳骤停、心肺复苏后患者的预后判断,但用于预后判断的最佳监测时间和界值仍有待进一步研究阐明. 趋向 术中BIS监测能够预防术中知晓和避免麻醉过深,降低术后谵妄的发生率,并在肝病患者神志判断和麻醉、高危手术围术期脑缺血监测及心肺复苏患者的预后判断等领域有很好的应用价值.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与胃癌预后的相关性研究

目的：观察胃癌患者幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染率,研究Hp感染与胃癌术后患者预后的相关性。方法选取2009年1月至2010年8月90例来本院就诊的胃癌患者,根据感染Hp与否分为感染组（57例）和非感染组（33例）。比较两组患者的一般资料及3年内生存情况,采用Cox比例风险模型分析胃癌患者预后的独立危险因素。结果感染组的平均生存期为（25.75±4.25）个月高于未感染组的（14.32±3.96）个月（t=12.601,P＜0.05）。不同Lauren分型、淋巴结转移、局部浸润深度、远处转移以及根治性切除方面Hp感染比例差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。Cox比例风险模型结果显示,年龄、淋巴结转移及浸润深度为胃癌患者预后的独立影响因素。结论 Hp感染可能通过影响淋巴结转移及浸润深度间接影响胃癌患者的预后,但并非独立影响因素。