鹤岗市医院消毒灭菌管理存在的问题与对策

目的针对当前医院消毒灭菌工作存在的问题,探讨其管理对策。方法对市区各医院消毒灭菌管理现状进行调查。结果普遍存在一些共性问题:医院领导重视程度不高;人员配备少,专业人员少;医院消毒效果监测率低;医院感染病例监测率低;消毒药械使用不规范;无菌技术操作差;医护人员洗手不规范;内窥镜消毒不规范;口腔器械消毒不规范;医疗废物未正确收集处理。结论消毒灭菌工作仍是医院感染管理工作中的一个薄弱环节,需加强管理。     

医学英语教学中多媒体技术应用的优劣

目的探索运用多媒体技术提高医学英语教学效果的方法。方法对多媒体辅助医学英语教学优、劣势进行综合分析和探讨。结果作为一种先进的教学模式,多媒体辅助教学手段有助于培养学生的学习兴趣和信心,有助于提高教学质量和教学效果;过分地夸大它的作用而忽略其不足之处,容易走入现代教育技术误区,造成不良效果。结论结合医学英语课程和学生的特点,科学、合理地运用多媒体技术辅助医学英语教学,有利于不断优化教学过程,更好地发挥教师在多媒体辅助医学英语教学中的巨大潜能,提高医学英语教学质量和教学效果。     

Detecting Alcohol-Related Problems in Developing Countries: A Comparison of 2 Screening Measures in India

Background: There is inadequate recognition of alcohol misuse as a public health issue in India. Information on screening measures is critical for prevention and early intervention efforts. This study critically evaluated the full and shorter versions of the AUDIT and RAPS4‐QF as screening measures for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in a community sample of male drinkers in Goa, India. Methods: Data from male drinking respondents in a population study on alcohol use patterns and sexual risk behaviors in randomly selected rural and urban areas of North Goa are reported. Overall, 39% (n = 743) of the 1899 screened men, age 18 to 49, reported consuming alcohol in the last 12 months. These current drinkers were administered the screening measures as part of detailed interviews on drinking patterns and AUD symptoms. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted for each combination of screening measure and criterion (alcohol dependence or any AUD). Reliability and correlations among the 4 measures were also examined. Results: All 4 measures performed well with area under the curves of at least 0.79. The full screeners that included both drinking patterns and problem items (the AUDIT and the RAP4‐QF) performed better than their shorter versions (the AUDIT‐C and the RAPS4) in detecting AUDs. Performance of the AUDIT and RAPS4‐QF improved with lowered and raised thresholds, respectively, and alternate cut‐off scores are suggested. Scores on the full measures were significantly correlated (0.80). Reliability estimates for the AUDIT measures were higher than those for the RAPS4 measures. Conclusions: All measures were efficient at detecting AUDs. When screening for alcohol‐related problems among males in the general population in India, cut‐off scores for screeners may need to be adjusted. Selecting an appropriate screening measure and cut‐off score necessitates careful consideration of the screening context and resources available to confirm alcohol‐related diagnoses.     

The Role of Socioregional Factors in Moderating Genetic Influences on Early Adolescent Behavior Problems and Alcohol Use

Background: Twin and family studies have demonstrated that adolescent alcohol use and behavior problems are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. More recently, studies have begun to investigate how genetic and environmental influences may interact, with efforts underway to identify specific environmental variables that moderate the expression of genetic predispositions. Previously, we have reported that community‐level factors, including urban/rural residency, migration rates, and prevalence of young adults, moderate the importance of genetic effects on alcohol use in late adolescence (ages 16 to 18). Here, we extend these findings to test for moderating effects of these socioregional factors on alcohol use and behavior problems assessed in a younger sample of adolescent Finnish twins. Methods: Using data from the population‐based Finnish twin study, FinnTwin12, biometric twin models were fit to data on >1,400 twin pairs to examine the significance of each of the socioregional moderating variables on alcohol use measured at age 14, and behavior problems, measured at age 12. Results: We find no evidence of a moderating role of these socioregional variables on alcohol use; however, there was significant moderation of genetic influences on behavior problems, with effects limited to girls. Genetic influences assumed greater importance in urban settings, communities with greater migration, and communities with a higher percentage of slightly older adolescents. Conclusions: The moderation effects observed on behavior problems in early adolescence paralleled the effects found on alcohol use late in adolescence in an independent sample, providing further support for the idea that behavior problems may represent an earlier manifestation of the predisposition to subsequent alcohol problems. Our findings also support the growing body of evidence suggesting that females may be more susceptible to a variety of environmental influences than males.     

福州市台江区398名低年级中学生的心理健康状况及其影响因素

目的通过对福州市台江区在校低年级中学生心理健康状况的调查研究,为学校采取适当的心理干预提供科学依据。方法采用长处与困难问卷（学生版）对398名学生进行问卷调查。结果福州市台江区中学低年级学生常见的心理行为问题为多动注意不能和同伴交往问题;不同年级、性别、学习成绩、同伴关系和师生关系的学生心理健康状况显著不同。结论学校及家长应重视中学低年级学生的行为和情绪表现,针对可能的影响因素采取相应措施,以促进其健康成长。     

Examination of the Reliability of the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) among Arrested Youths Entering a Juvenile Assessment Center

The Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) serves as a key aspect of the preliminary screening activities at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center. We report on a reliability study of POSIT, involving an examination of the relationships between the youths’ initial and second admission POSIT results for different time intervals between administration of the instrument. The results indicate the POSIT provides consistent indication of potentially troubled youths who are in need of in-depth assessment and intervention or treatment services.

Iniciado el POSIT el problema como instrumento para evaluar a los jovenes y sirve como una llave de aspecto protectora de actividades preliminares en el centro de evaluación de juveniles en el condado de Hillsborough. Reportamos en un estudio el POSIT digno de confianza incluyendo una investigación de las relaciones de los juveniles en los iniciados y las segundas admisiónes del POSIT resultaron para tiempo de intervención entre la administration y el instrumento. Los resultados indican que el POSIT proporciona una consistente indicación de jovenes que son potencialmente problematicos y quienes estan en la necesidad de evaluación y intervención o servicios de tratamiento.

L'Instrument d'Évaluation des Problèmes d'Adolescents (POSIT) est un élément essentiel des activités préliminaires d'évaluation au Centre d'Evaluation des Jeunes dans le Comte de Hillsborough. Nous faisons ici le compte-rendu d'une étude sur la crédibilité du POSIT, comportant l'examen des rapports des résultats entre la première et la deuxième administration du POSIT, effectuées à intervalles differents. Les résultats montrent que le POSIT fournit de façon consistante l'indication de jeunes protentiellement perturbés, et qui ont besoin d'une évaluation approfondie ainsi que de service d'intervention ou de secours.     

七年制儿科临床见习教学中的问题与对策

以往七年制儿科临床见习教学中存在一些问题,教学模式及教学形式缺乏对医学生临床素质和能力的培养。针对这些问题,从以下几个方面提出对策,首先让学生学会做人,加深学生“以病人为中心”的服务理念;采用“学生模拟诊疗法”,使学生将所学知识融会贯通;应用循征医学指导儿科临床实践,使临床医学从经验型向科学型转变。     

Methodological problems related to alcohol research among Turks and Moroccans living in the Netherlands: findings from semi-structured interviews

Objectives. To identify factors related to alcohol use among Turks and Moroccans living in the Netherlands. Furthermore, to reveal methodological problems related to research among Turks and Moroccans in general and to alcohol research among these groups in particular.

Design. Individual face‐to‐face interviews were carried out with Dutch researchers (n=9), Turkish and Moroccan (health) practitioners working in the field with Turks (n=4) or Moroccans (n=2), and members of the target population with a Turkish (n=3) or a Moroccan background (n=2). Furthermore, focus‐group interviews were held with Turkish women (n=4), Turkish men (n=3), Moroccan women (n=4) and Moroccan men (n=3) working as health professionals.

Results. Alcohol use seems prevalent particularly among second‐generation Turks and Moroccans and is related to: upbringing, influence of peer groups, integration and the degree in which Islamic rules are practised. Written questionnaires seem more appropriate for second‐generation Turks and Moroccans, because they have fewer language problems and are more familiar with Western bureaucratic society. However, both generations may prefer face‐to‐face interviews since both groups fear that ‘written’ answers about the sensitive subject ‘alcohol use’ may somehow become known among community members. Similarly, an interviewer with a Dutch background may elicit more reliable answers about alcohol use than an interviewer with a Turkish or Moroccan background.

Conclusion. In alcohol research special attention should be paid to second‐generation Turks and Moroccans. Although it is probably easier to conduct alcohol studies in this group than in first‐generation Turks and Moroccans, quantitative research is needed to test the hypothesis that written questionnaires elicit more reliable answers about alcohol use than face‐to‐face interviews. Furthermore, the influence of ethnic matching on response and data quality should be tested further.     

医院传染病疫情网络直报中存在的问题与对策

目的探讨医院传染病疫情网络直报的质量管理. 方法通过对非典之后400余例医院传染病疫情网络直报病例的分析,找出影响网络直报工作质量的因素. 结果诊断标准、报告时限和疫源地址是影响网络直报质量的主要因素. 结论加强对医院传染病疫情网络直报的诊断标准、报告时限、以及疫源地址等重要环节的质量管理才能提高疫情报告工作的质量.