Mumbai disease in far western Nepal: HIV infection and syphilis among male migrant-returnees and non-migrants

OBJECTIVE: To measure the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and syphilis, and to assess the behavioural risk factors for these infections among migrant-returnees and non-migrants in far western Nepal. METHODS: In April 2001, we recruited 97 male migrant-returnees and 40 non-migrants from five rural villages in Doti district where migration to Mumbai is common. For data collection, we conducted a serological examination for HIV and syphilis, and a perception and behaviour survey on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. RESULTS: We found that 11 of 137 men (8%) were positive for HIV infection and 30 men (22%) for syphilis. The respondents, especially the migrant-returnees from Mumbai, were engaging in risky behaviours such as pre- or extramarital sex, and sex with multiple partners, including sex workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed high HIV and syphilis prevalence among the male migrant-returnees and non-migrants in far western Nepal where migration to Mumbai is common. The prevalent behaviours, particularly among the migrant-returnees, imply urgent needs of the behavioural modification programme in this area to prevent the spread of HIV infection to general population.     

米非司酮与孕三烯酮治疗子宫腺肌症疗效比较

目的：探讨米非司酮与孕三烯酮治疗子宫腺肌症的临床疗效。方法收集2012年1月—2014年5月该院妇产科收治的子宫腺肌症患者168例,随机分为2组各84例,观察组采用米非司酮治疗,对照组采用孕三烯酮治疗,比较两组治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率91.7%,对照组总有效率73.8%,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组治疗前子宫体积与子宫内膜厚度比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后观察组子宫体积、子宫内膜厚度降低程度明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论米非司酮较孕三烯酮治疗子宫腺肌症效果好,安全性高,值得临床应用。     

开展孕妇学校对提高产科质量的作用探讨

目的：探讨孕妇学校的开展对提高产科质量的作用。方法：回顾性总结了对400例参加孕妇学校的孕产妇（观察组）采用授课、现场演示、视频示教等形式,进行孕前、孕期、分娩等时期全面的健康教育和科学指导,总结在孕期营养状况、难产分娩、产后护理不当发生率的情况,并对比同期400例未参加孕妇学校的孕产妇（对照组）。结果：与对照组相比,观察组孕妇在孕前准备上较充足,在孕期营养不良上发生率低,产时配合良好,剖宫产率低,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．005）。结论：认识到开展孕妇学校对提高产科质量有着积极的作用。     

麦滋林颗粒联合间苯三酚注射液治疗孕妇急性胃炎疗效观察

摘 要 目的： 观察麦滋林颗粒联合间苯三酚注射液治疗孕妇急性胃炎的临床疗效。方法: 102例急性胃炎孕妇采用随机数字法分为两组各51例。对照组予麦滋林颗粒0.67 g,餐前30 min用温水冲服,tid,观察组在对照组基础上加用间苯三酚注射液80 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液20 ml,ivd qd。疗程均为2周。观察两组临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后症状积分变化及症状缓解时间。结果:观察组有效率明显高于对照组（94.12%vs78.43%,P<0.05),观察组治疗后胃脘痛、嗳气、口干积分较前明显下降（P<0.05）,且明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组和对照组腹痛消失时间分别为（1.8±0.4）d和（3.9±1.1）d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗中均未出现严重不良反应。结论: 采用麦滋林颗粒联合间苯三酚注射液治疗孕妇急性胃炎临床效果较好。     

合肥市乙型病毒性肝炎感染孕妇KAP调查分析

目的 了解合肥市乙肝感染孕妇母婴阻断知识、信念、行为(KAP)状况,并对其影响因素进行分析,为开展乙肝预防健康教育提供依据。方法 自行设计问卷,在合肥市四个区随机抽取200名乙肝感染孕妇,回收有效问卷169份。采用t检验、logistic回归分析对乙肝感染孕妇KAP得分的影响因素进行分析。结果 乙肝感染孕妇KAP得分总体较低,平均得分为(5.20±2.24)分,及格率为47.31%。分析显示影响乙肝感染孕妇KAP的因素包括学历、居住地、被感染时间等,大专以下学历、居住地在农村的孕妇、母亲不知道自己是否乙型肝炎病毒感染者的孕妇及被感染时间短的孕妇KAP得分较低。结论 公共卫生服务机构应根据乙肝感染孕妇的特征,针对性开展多种形式的健康教育,有效提高乙肝感染孕妇KAP水平。     

早期治疗妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进对母婴的身体健康影响分析

目的 探讨妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进妇女早期治疗对母婴健康的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院2011年至2013年收治的88例妊娠期合并轻中度甲亢患者的临床资料,根据患者治疗方案分为甲硫咪唑组(28例)、丙硫氧嘧啶组(28例)和对照组(32例),比较三组妊娠妇女妊娠期间的疾病变化情况及母婴情况.结果 ①治疗后三组患者FT3、FT4、TSH水平差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且甲硫咪唑治疗组和丙硫氧嘧啶治疗组患者的FT3、FT4、TSH水平差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②三组新生儿FT3、FT4、TSH水平差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且甲硫咪唑治疗组和丙硫氧嘧啶治疗组新生儿FT3、FT4、TSH水平差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③两治疗组患者妊高症发生率、早产发生率和平均分娩孕周与对照组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且甲硫咪唑治疗组和丙硫氧嘧啶治疗组患者的平均分娩孕周差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);④甲硫咪唑治疗组和丙硫氧嘧啶治疗组新生儿低体重出生率、胎儿窘迫率和出生体重与对照组比较差异也具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),甲硫咪唑治疗组和丙硫氧嘧啶治疗组新生儿出生体重差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 早期采取甲硫咪唑或丙硫氧嘧啶对妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进妇女进行治疗对母婴健康、提高新生儿出生质量均有积极作用,并且甲硫咪唑作用更佳,可作为妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进的首选治疗.     

女性围产期抑郁动态观察及相关因素研究

目的:观察女性围产期抑郁情绪动态变化及探讨女性孕期压力水平、应对方式与围产期抑郁的相关性.方法:采用便利抽样法选取在合肥市某三甲医院门诊孕期检查的162例孕妇为调查对象,运用妊娠压力量表(PPS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)评估孕期压力水平和孕妇应对压力的方式,运用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)评估孕期、产后的抑郁情绪.结果:孕产妇孕期抑郁、产后抑郁的发生率分别为47.53％ (77/162)、48.77％ (79/162);纵向追踪发现,孕期77例抑郁女性中,在产后有24例女性(31.17％)转为非抑郁;孕期85例非抑郁女性中,在产后有26例女性(30.59％)转为抑郁.其次,妊娠晚期孕妇妊娠总体压力为轻度水平[中位数(M)=1.57].孕妇应对方式总分(1.57 ±0.03)分,积极应对方式评分为(1.93±0.04)分,消极应对方式评分为(1.03±0.03)分.与常模比较,其中,积极应对方式评分比常模评分高,差异有统计学意义(t=1.96,P＜0.01).孕妇孕期抑郁情绪与妊娠压力总分、各压力因子得分呈正相关,与应对方式总分、积极应对分值呈负相关.产妇产后抑郁情绪与妊娠压力总分、各压力因子得分呈正相关,与积极应对分值呈负相关.多元逐步回归分析显示,孕期抑郁情绪是产后抑郁的危险因素,家庭关系是产后抑郁情绪的保护因素.结论:在产前对孕妇做好心理健康水平的筛查和干预,对于产后抑郁的预防有着重要意义.     

Twenty years trends and socio-demographic characteristics of HIV prevalence in women giving birth in Catalonia (Spain)

BackgroundStudies of the prevalence of HIV in sentinel populations are one of the key strategies to monitor the HIV epidemic. We describe HIV prevalence trends and identify differences across time in the sociodemographic characteristics of HIV-infected women giving birth in Catalonia.MethodsWe used dried blood specimens, residual to newborn screening, which have been collected in Catalonia every 2 months since 1994. The total number of samples obtained until 2009 and in 2013 represented half of yearly newborns. From 2010 to 2012, the total number of samples obtained represented a quarter of yearly newborns. We studied the prevalence by year and place of current residence (Barcelona-city, cities > 200,000 inhabitants and cities ≤ 200,000 inhabitants) and by the mother's birth country. A total of 624,912 infants were tested for HIV antibodies from January 1994 to December 2013.ResultsHIV prevalence trends among women giving birth in Catalonia decreased until 2007. Thereafter, there was a change to a steady trend until 2013. However, among foreign women giving birth and living in cities ≤ 200,000 inhabitants, the prevalence of HIV increased from 2007 to 2013.ConclusionTo ensure early identification and treatment of HIV-infected mothers, it is essential to maintain HIV surveillance programs and pre- and post-natal screening programs, both in Barcelona and in cities with 200,000 inhabitants or less, especially in immigrant women.     

Caffeine intake in pregnancy: Relationship between internal intake and effect on birth weight

We used a physiologically based kinetic model to simulate caffeine blood concentration-time profiles in non-pregnant and pregnant women. The model predicted concentration-time profile was in good accordance with experimental values. With 200 mg, the safe dose per occasion in non-pregnant women, AUC and peak concentration in pregnant women were nearly twice that of non-pregnant women. In order to derive a safe dose for the pregnant women we estimated the dose in the pregnant women model taken at once which would not exceed AUC and peak concentration in the non-pregnant women of 200 mg as single dose. The resulting dose is 100 mg caffeine per occasion which we recommend as safe.The caffeine dose of 200 mg per day is declared as safe for pregnant women with respect to the foetus by EFSA based on results on reduced birth weight in epidemiological studies. We modelled AUC and peak concentration for different caffeine doses to investigate the relationship between internal caffeine exposure and risk measures of reduced birth weight from epidemiological studies. The graphical analysis revealed that the reduction in birth weight was related to AUC and peak concentration up to a dose of 250 mg caffeine.