多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗脂肪肝的探讨

目的探讨脂肪肝的诊断与治疗。方法选择50例脂肪肝患者。随机分为2组，治疗组（30例）服用多烯磷脂酰胆碱，对照组（20例）服用绞股蓝总甙，观察2组服药1个月后临床症状、B超、血脂、肝功能等变化，结合文献就其诊治问题进行探讨。结果多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗脂肪肝总有效率为93．3％，对临床主要症状有较高的缓解率，可使血清胆固醇、甘油三酯明显下降，B超及肝功能指标明显好转，各项治疗指标均明显优于对照组。结论多烯磷脂酰胆碱对脂肪肝患者有明显的疗效。非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）治疗上无特效疗法。主要是综合治疗．终末期患者可接受肝移植。     

家兔房水中双氯芬酸胆碱的平均药-时曲线的测定

目的探索双氯芬酸胆碱滴眼液点眼后的房水药代动力学行为。方法取24只家兔，随机平均分成0．25、0．5、0．75、1、2、4、8、12h8个时间组，用微量进样器滴入双氯芬酸钠胆碱(DAC)滴眼液100μL，分别于8个时间点取不少于200μL的房水样品。采用甲醇-乙腈-pH6．4磷酸盐(25：25：50)为流动相，Zor bax SBC18色谱柱为固定相的高效液相色谱法测定各时间点房水中双氯芬酸胆碱的质量浓度。结果家兔单剂量应用双氯芬酸胆碱滴眼液100μL后，房水中15min后即可检测到药物，且无其他杂质峰干扰，用不同时间点房水中的双氯芬酸胆碱药物质量浓度对时间作图，得其药-时曲线。结论药-时曲线显示，给药后0．5h房水中双氯芬酸胆碱滴眼液质量浓度达到峰值，12h基本代谢完全。该药显效快，并具有良好的角膜渗透性。     

Volume-localized two-dimensional correlated magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human breast cancer

A localized 2D correlation spectroscopic sequence (L-COSY) was implemented and applied in human breast cancer in vivo to evaluate the water to fat (both saturated and unsaturated) ratios and also to identify choline. Being in agreement with the conventional 1D magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) results, elevated water to lipids ratios were found in breast cancers and choline was observed only in a few cancer patients.     

氯胺酮对老年大鼠空间学习记忆功能和海马胆碱乙酰转移酶的影响

目的:观察临床剂量的氯胺酮麻醉对老年大鼠1周和3周时空间学习记忆功能和海马胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的影响。方法:♂老年SD大鼠48只,随机分为4组(n=12)。对照1周组(C1)、氯胺酮1周组(K1)、对照3周组(C3)、氯胺酮3周组(K3)。K1、K3组腹腔首次注射氯胺酮80mg/kg,随后每隔15min追加1/2首剂量,共追加3次;C1、C3组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。处理后第1周,C1、K1组大鼠进行Morris水迷宫试验,测试各组大鼠寻找隐匿台的逃避潜伏期和空间搜索能力,每日4次,连续6d;处理后第3周,C3、K3组大鼠进行同样的测试。水迷宫测试结束后,将大鼠麻醉后灌注取脑,分别应用HE染色观察组织细胞及免疫组化方法检测ChAT阳性细胞数的改变。结果:①水迷宫结果,K1组第1~4d,大鼠寻找隐匿台的潜伏期明显长于C1组(P<0.05或0.01),但第5、6d时,二者之间无明显区别(P>0.05);对隐匿台空间位置的记忆能力K1组低于C1组(P<0.05)。K3组与C3组之间水迷宫结果比较,无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。②免疫组化结果,K1组大鼠海马部位ChAT阳性细胞数小于C1组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但K3组与C3组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③HE染色结果:电镜下各组大鼠海马神经元结构未见明显异常。结论:临床相关剂量的氯胺酮麻醉可导致老年大鼠短期空间学习记忆功能障碍,随时间推移,功能渐恢复,其机制可能与中枢胆碱能系统功能损害有关。     

双波长薄层扫描法测定卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量

目的：比较大豆、葵花和胡麻卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量。方法：应用双波长薄层扫描法测定3种卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量，以氯仿-甲醇-水(65：25：4，V：V：V)为展开系统，测定波长λs=235nm，参比波长λR=260nm．反射法双波长锯齿形扫描磷脂酰胆碱峰面积，外标两点法计算含量。结果：大豆、葵花和胡麻卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量分别为64．6％、54．3％和62．4％。胡麻卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量与大豆卵磷脂相似．略高于葵花卵磷脂。平均回收率为99．6％，RSD=3．12％。结论：用双波长薄层扫描法测定卵磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱的含量，方法经济实用，结果可靠。     

Septo-hippocampal and nBM-cortical cholinergic neurones exhibit differential time-courses of activation as a function of both type and duration of spatial memory testing in mice

We previously showed that the initial acquisition session of a spatial discrimination (mixed reference/working memory) test in an 8-arm radial maze induced differential activations in the ascending cholinergic septo-hippocampal and nBM-cortical pathways in mice. This data showed that the duration of post-test cholinergic activation was longer in the nBM-cortical pathway than in the septo-hippocampal projection. Moreover, the post-test durations but not the immediate post-test amplitudes of activation in each pathway decreased progressively as a function of repeated daily acquisition sessions. In the present study we have thus tested the hypotheses that the time-courses of post-test cholinergic activation in the septo-hippocampal and nBM-cortical pathways may vary both as a function of the type of memory used (working vs. reference) and according to the duration of repeated daily testing. Cholinergic activity in vivo in the hippocampus or frontal cortex of mice was quantified using measures of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake at two different times (30 s and 15 min) following specific spatial working or reference memory testing in an 8-arm radial maze. The memory tests were administered daily over a 13-day period to attain high levels of performance in each type of task. In comparison to control groups both types of memory testing induced significant post-test cholinergic activations in each brain region on Day 15. However, cholinergic activity remained elevated in frontal cortex at 15 min post-test following reference memory testing, whereas significantly shorter durations of cortical and hippocampal cholinergic activation were observed following working memory testing using short (1 min) retention intervals. The possible significance of these differential modifications to the time-course of the post-test activations in these cholinergic pathways in working and reference memory processes and the putative transsynaptic mechanisms involved are discussed.     

Effect of reduction of cholinergic input on the concentration of specific proteins in different cortical regions of the rat brain

The effect of lesioning the nucleus of the tractus diagonalis on the concentration of specific proteins in the hippocampus and the occipital cortex was assessed. Rats received either a sham or an electrolytic lesion and were killed 9 or 35 days later. Tissue samples were removed by microdissection and proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Gels were stained with silver, and then analyzed by quantitative computerized scanning densitometry. Of the 143 proteins analyzed, only four were found to be altered in concentration in both brain areas as a result of the lesion. Protein 82 (molecular weight 39,000, pI 6.5) was reduced 71% in the hippocampus and 50% in the occipital cortex 9 days after the lesion, while protein 109 (molecular weight 32,000, pI 6.4) was elevated 140% in the hippocampus and 130% in the occipital cortex at the same time point. Protein 6 (molecular weight 58,000, pI 5.7) was unchanged 9 days after the lesion but was elevated in concentration in both the hippocampus and the occipital cortex 35 days after lesioning. Protein 74 (molecular weight 39,000, pI 5.8) was elevated in concentration both 9 and 35 days after lesioning in the occipital cortex, but only at day 35 in the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that the concentration of these four proteins may be regulated by the cholinergic input to the hippocampus and the occipital cortex. The possibility exists that one or more of these proteins may be related to either the muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain.     

Quantitative light microscopic autoradiography of [H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in the rat central nervous system: a novel biochemical marker for mapping the distribution of cholinergic nerve terminals

The distribution of specific [³H]hemicholinium-3 ([³H]HC-3) binding sites throughout the rat forebrain was studied by means of quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. Tissue sections were labeled with 2.5 nM[³H]HC-3, apposed to tritium-sensitive film for 2 months and analyzed by computer-assisted densitometry. Regions of intense [³H]HC-3 labeling include the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, habenula and the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Little or no specific binding was detected in the corpus callosum, a white matter region. This distribution of specific [³H]HC-3 binding sites is compatible with a selective labeling of central cholinergic nerve terminals.     

Cholinergic innervation of the rat dentate gyrus: an immunocytochemical and electron microscopical study

Immunocytochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were performed on sections of rat dentate gyrus. Light microscopical analysis of the immunoreactivity revealed dense fiber networks and many punctate structures predominantly located at the interface of the granule cell layer and molecular layer. In the elctron microscope, the immunostained punctate structures were identified as synaptic boutons which formed mainly symmetrical contacts onto dendritic elements. Few ChAT-immunoreactive boutons formed axosomatic contacts.     

Cholinergic somata and terminals in the rat substantia nigra: an immunocytochemical study with optical and electron microscopic techniques

The topographical distribution, histochemical characteristics, and anatomical relationships of the cellular elements containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, demonstrated with specific monoclonal antibodies to ChAT following the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure at the optical and electron microscopic levels, were investigated in the rat substantia nigra (SN). Scarce, large (20-30 microns in maximum soma extent) cholinergic cell bodies and processes were found within the boundaries of the SN, in the borders of the pars compacta and pars reticulata, principally at caudal levels. Occasionally, cholinergic neurons were also found at intermediate levels of the SN, in the borders of the pars reticulata and pars lateralis. Cytologically, these large cells resembled ChAT-positive neurons localized in other areas of the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat--for example, the pontomesencephalotegmental (PMT) cholinergic complex (Ch5-Ch6) and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) (Ch4). Histochemically, ChAT-positive cells in the SN were characterized by their ability to utilize the reduced cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Identified ChAT-positive neurons in the light microscope were subsequently studied in the electron microscope. All cholinergic neurons in the SN share essentially the same ultrastructural characteristics. The copious cytoplasm was rich in organelles with large lipofuscin granules. The synaptic input onto cell bodies and their dendrites was studied in serial sections. Synaptic contacts onto the perikarya and proximal dendrites were sparse and of asymmetric type. Both symmetric and asymmetric synaptic specializations onto ChAT-positive distal dendrites were detected. Asymmetric synaptic contacts onto cell bodies and dendrites were often defined by the presence of subjunctional dense bodies associated with the postsynaptic membrane. The pattern of the synaptic input to these cells differs strikingly from that onto unlabelled neighboring neurons. The perikarya and dendrites of the latter were characteristically covered with synaptic boutons. Scarce immunoreactive terminals in asymmetric synaptic contact with unlabelled dendritic profiles were also detected in portions of SN compacta with no ChAT-positive cells. Extranigrally located ChAT-positive cells of the PMT cholinergic complex were also examined in the electron microscope for comparison purposes. These cells exhibited, on the basis of their morphology and synaptic input pattern, very similar characteristics to those shown by SN cholinergic neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)