大白鼠中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区的传入投射——HRP逆行追踪方法研究

用HRP(horseradish peroxidase)逆行追踪标记技术,研究大白鼠中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG,periaqueductal gray)尾侧半腹外侧区的传入投射。将HRP注入PAG尾侧半的腹外侧区:①在大脑皮层内岛无颗粒层出现中等数量的标记细胞;②基底前脑内的标记细胞较多,主要分布于终纹床核、斜角带核、无名质、杏仁内侧核和腹侧苍白球,外侧隔核和伏核内也出现少量的标记细胞;③下丘脑中大量的标记细胞出现在视前内侧区、视前外侧区和下丘脑外侧区;④底丘脑和背侧丘脑的标记细胞主要分布在未定带和束分核。     

cPSAD在汉族人群PSA灰区前列腺癌早期筛查中的应用研究

目的研究cPSAD在汉族人群PSA灰区前列腺癌早期筛查中的应用价值。方法 2002年1月～2010年12月收集了265例PSA水平介于4～10ng/ml并接受前列腺穿刺活检的患者,通过接收者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析法评价PSA值、f/tP-SA值、PSAD值和cPSAD值在预测诊断前列腺癌中的敏感性和特异性,寻找敏感性和特异性较好的前列腺癌早期预测指标。结果 265例患者中,63例为前列癌患者,占23.77%。PSA、cPSA、PSAD、t/fPSA、cPSAD 5个参数的ROC曲线下面积分别为:0.603、0.706、0.865、0.800、0.875,在所有参数中,cPSAD的AUC最大,较其他参数有更高的诊断效率。cPSAD取截点为0.0970ng/ml2时可达到90%的敏感度和63.4%的特异度,取截点为0.1296ng/ml2时可达到85%的敏感度和78.7%的特异度。结论在汉族人群PSA灰区前列腺癌早期筛查诊断中,cPSAD较其他目前常用的PSA相关指标更具优势。     

双侧脑室旁结节状灰质异位症患者11例影像与临床研究

目的分析双侧脑室旁结节状灰质异位症（BPNH）的影像特征与所致癫癎的临床特点和疗效。方法MRI确诊的BPNH患者11例，根据是否合并其他神经系统解剖异常分为单纯BPNH组和叠加BPNH组，随访1～10年。对照分析2组患者的临床特点和药物治疗长期预后的差异。结果单纯BPNH组患者7例，发病年龄8～32岁，7例患者精神行为智力发育正常，癫癎发作均为部分性发作，4例有异位灰质结节部位的癎样放电，5例有发作间期的颞叶癎样放电，7例患者经卡马西平治疗均有效；叠加BPNH组患者4例，发病年龄3～8个月，均有早期的精神运动发育迟缓，癫癎发作频繁，存在抗癫癎药物抵抗。4例BPNH患者合并有心血管系统畸形。结论单纯BPNH组出现癫癎发作的年龄较叠加BPNH组晚，患者精神行为智力发育正常，发作形式均为部分性发作，对卡马西平治疗敏感，预后好。异位灰质结节部位和颞叶的癎样放电是单纯BPNH组患者的脑电图特征。应注意BPNH患者其他系统疾病的诊断，早期进行治疗。     

基于体素的MRI形态学测量对遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病脑灰质萎缩的研究

目的：利用磁共振3DT1WI成像研究遗忘型轻度认知障碍（aMCI）、轻度阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者相对于正常老年人灰质体积改变的特点。方法：采用3．0T磁共振,对33例aMCI患者（aMCI组）、32例轻度AD患者（轻度AD组）及31名正常老年人（对照组）进行3DT1WI扫描,利用基于SPM5的DARTEL工具箱对扫描获得的结构图像进行预处理,再对aMCI组、轻度AD组和对照组的全脑灰质体积进行基于体素的统计学比较。结果：与对照组比较,aMCI组左侧海马、海马旁回、舌回、颞上回,双侧岛叶和颞中回等结构的灰质体积萎缩,其差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01,FDR corrected,K〉50体素）。轻度AD组的双侧海马、海马旁回及杏仁核、双侧丘脑、双侧颞顶叶皮质等结构灰质体积萎缩,额叶和枕叶皮质也出现灰质萎缩,其差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05,FDR corrected,K≥50体素）。结论：基于体素的MRI形态学测量能够客观揭示AD早期阶段的脑灰质萎缩改变,对左侧海马萎缩的识别有助于AD的早期诊断。     

深部电极脑电图在灰质异位相关癫痫的术中应用

目的 探讨脑深部电极脑电图在脑深部局灶性灰质异位相关癫痫的应用价值.方法 同顾性分析应用脑深部电极脑电图进行定位的4例灰质异位症和1例下丘脑错构瘤病例的资料.结果 男3例,女2例,年龄18～28岁,异位灰质分别位于左额2例、下丘脑、左顶和右枕各1例,病程5-27年.4例癫痫发作表现全面性发作,同时3例发作期脑电图表现为双侧广泛痫性放电.5例均行立体定向病灶内深部电极埋藏术,4例同时埋藏皮层电极,确定癫痫灶均为异位灰质结构,3例行病灶立体定向病灶毁损术,靶点为2～4个,温度为70℃,时间为80 s,2例行立体定向引导下直接手术切除病灶.随访时间12-23个月,下丘脑错构瘤患者癫痫发作减少80%,其他4例目前随访均无发作.无并发症出现.结论 深部电极埋藏脑电图是定位脑深部局灶性灰质异位相关癫痫致痫病灶的重要方法,局灶性病灶可能出现全面性癫痫发作和广泛性脑电图异常.

Abstract：

Objective Heterotopia gray matter (HGM) and hypothalamic hamartoma (HH ),congenital brain malformation underlied by neuronal migration disorders,are one of significant causes of epilepsy,this paper is to discuss the value of deep brain needle electrode EEG in epileptogenic zone localization in patients with nodule HGM and HH.Methods Intracranial electrodes EEG data of patient with HGM and HH was analyzed retrospectively.Methods This cohort included 5 cases (2 females and 3males) whose ages at surgery were from 18 to 28 year old.The heterotopic grey lied in left frontal lobe in 2patients,and hypothalamus,left parietal lobe and right occipital lobe in 1 case respectively.Generalized seizure attack was found in 4 cases and generalized ictal discharge in scalp EEG were presented in 3 patients.All patients underwent intracranial electrode EEG recording,and 1 case used needle electrode as exclusive intracranial electrode.3 patients were performed stereotactic lesion radiofrequency ablation with 2 -4 targets for 80 s with 70℃,and others were used lesion remove under stereotactic guiding.During 12-23 months follow up,4 patients with HGM rendered seizure free,and the patient with HH presented 80% seizure reduction without complication.Conclusion Deep brain needle electrode EEG is an important tool to epileptogenic zone localization of patients with brain heteotopic grey,and focal lesion could present generalized seizure attack and epileptiform discharge.     

How bilingualism protects the brain from aging: Insights from bimodal bilinguals

Bilingual experience can delay cognitive decline during aging. A general hypothesis is that the executive control system of bilinguals faces an increased load due to controlling two languages, and this increased load results in a more “tuned brain” that eventually creates a neural reserve. Here we explored whether such a neuroprotective effect is independent of language modality, i.e., not limited to bilinguals who speak two languages but also occurs for bilinguals who use a spoken and a signed language. We addressed this issue by comparing bimodal bilinguals to monolinguals in order to detect age‐induced structural brain changes and to determine whether we can detect the same beneficial effects on brain structure, in terms of preservation of gray matter volume (GMV), for bimodal bilinguals as has been reported for unimodal bilinguals. Our GMV analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of age × group in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes, left hippocampus/amygdala, and left insula where bimodal bilinguals showed slight GMV increases while monolinguals showed significant age‐induced GMV decreases. We further found through cortical surface‐based measurements that this effect was present for surface area and not for cortical thickness. Moreover, to further explore the hypothesis that overall bilingualism provides neuroprotection, we carried out a direct comparison of GMV, extracted from the brain regions reported above, between bimodal bilinguals, unimodal bilinguals, and monolinguals. Bilinguals, regardless of language modality, exhibited higher GMV compared to monolinguals. This finding highlights the general beneficial effects provided by experience handling two language systems, whether signed or spoken. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4109–4124, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Repeated spinal cord stimulation decreases the extracellular level of γ-aminobutyric acid in the periaqueductal gray matter of freely moving rats

Most of the previous experimental studies on the antinociceptive effects of electrical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have focused on short-lasting effects mainly depending on spinal mechanisms. However, patients treated with SCS for chronic pain often report pain relief exceeding the period of stimulation for several hours. The long lasting effect of SCS might not only involve spinal, but also supraspinal mechanisms. A supraspinal region of major importance for the coordination of descending pain inhibition is the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The aim of the present microdialysis study, performed in awake freely moving rats, was to investigate if repeated SCS (two 30 min periods separated by a 90 min resting period) alters the extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations in the ventrolateral PAG. In a first series of experiments significantly decreased (−30%;P < 0.05;n = 7) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were detected immediately after the second SCS session. Neither the concentration of serotonin nor that of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) was affected by SCS. The decrease of GABA after two SCS sessions was confirmed in a second series of experiments (−30%;P < 0.05;n = 7). No spontaneous decline of GABA was observed in sham-stimulated animals (n = 6). The glutamate concentration was also determined in this latter series of experiments and a significant decrease (−23%;P < 0.05;n = 5) was observed after the second SCS session. As GABA-neurons in the PAG exert a tonic depressive effect on the activity in descending pain inhibitory pathways, a decreased extracellular GABA level in this region, as detected following repeated SCS, might indicate an increased pain inhibition.     

Hippocampus, amygdala and global brain changes 10 years after childhood traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children results in damage to the developing brain, particularly in severely injured individuals. Little is known, however, of the long-term structural aspects of the brain following childhood TBI. This study investigated the integrity of the brain 10 years post-TBI using magnetic resonance imaging volumetrics in a sample of 49 participants with mild, moderate and severe TBI, evaluated against a normative sample of 20 individuals from a pediatric database with comparable age and gender distribution. Structural integrity was investigated in gray and white matter, and by manually segmenting two regions of interest (hippocampus, amygdala), potentially vulnerable to the effects of childhood TBI. The results indicate that more severe injuries caused a reduction in gray and white brain matter, while all TBI severity levels resulted in increased volumes of cerebrospinal fluid and smaller hippocampal volumes. In addition, enlarged amygdala volumes were detected in severely injured patients compared to their mild and moderate counterparts, suggesting that childhood TBI may disrupt the development of certain brain regions through diffuse pathological changes. The findings highlight the lasting impact of childhood TBI on the brain and the importance of monitoring brain structure in the long-term after early injury.