实验猪肺栓塞前后死腔、分流及气体交换的研究

目的 研究肺栓塞死腔、肺内分流及气体交换的变化特点,探讨肺栓塞发生的病理生理学机制及意义.方法 建立肺栓塞模型,将8只健康幼猪于栓塞前30 min,栓塞后0、30、60和120 min 5个时间点,对生理死腔(VDphy)、肺泡死腔(VDalv)、气道死腔(VDaw)、肺内分流(Qs/Qt)、肺动脉压(PAP)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaC02)及肺泡动脉氧分压差(PA-aDO2)进行测定.结果 研究发现VDphy、VDalv、Qs/Qt、PAP、PA-aDO2栓塞后较栓塞前明显增大(P＜0.01).PaO2栓塞后较栓塞前明显减小(P＜0.05和P＜0.01).VDaw、PaCO2栓塞前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SNK检验VDphy、VDalv栓塞后60 min和120 min较30min减小;PAP于栓塞后30 min、60 min、120 min较0 min减小;其余各组栓塞后各时间点差异无统计学意义.血液动力学指标栓塞前后无明显变化.结论 肺栓塞发生后,机体发生了一系列病理生理学变化,即死腔和肺内分流增大,氧分压减小,肺泡动脉氧分压差增大,而二氧化碳分压保持不变.     

Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: the role of adipose tissue

Several pathophysiological explanations for the metabolic syndrome have been proposed involving insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and ectopic fat accumulation following adipose tissue saturation. However, current concepts create several paradoxes, including limited cardiovascular risk reduction with intensive glucose control in diabetics, therapies that result in weight gain (PPAR agonists), and presence of some of the metabolic traits among some lipodystrophies. We propose the functional failure of an organ, in this case, the adipose tissue as a model to interpret its manifestations and to reconcile some of the apparent paradox. A cornerstone of this model is the failure of the adipose tissue to buffer postprandial lipids. In addition, homeostatic feedback loops guide physiological and pathological adipose tissue activities. Fat turnover is determined by a complex equilibrium in which insulin is a main factor but not the only one. Chronically inadequate energy balance may be a key factor, stressing the system. In this situation, an adipose tissue functional failure occurs resulting in changes in systemic energy delivery, impaired glucose consumption and activation of self-regulatory mechanisms that extend their influence to whole body homeostasis system. These include changes in adipokines secretion and vascular effects. The functional capacity of the adipose tissue varies among subjects explaining the incomplete overlapping among the metabolic syndrome and obesity. Variations at multiple gene loci will be partially responsible for these interindividual differences. Two of those candidate genes, the adiponectin (APM1) and the perilipin (PLIN) genes, are discussed in more detail.     

缺血再灌注对在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡影响的研究

探讨缺血再灌注对在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡的影响。取家兔 90只随机分为对照组 ,缺血 10 ,30 ,6 0 ,12 0min组及缺血 10 ,30 ,6 0 ,12 0min再灌注 4h组 ,每组 10只。通过结扎及放松右冠状动脉起始部制作窦房结缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,当达各预定时间点后 ,迅速切取窦房结组织固定 ,用TUNEL法检测窦房结细胞凋亡。结果 :①对照组、缺血10 ,30min组均未观察到明显的窦房结细胞凋亡现象。②缺血 6 0 ,12 0min组及缺血再灌注 4组中共有 6 8.3% (41/6 0 )的兔子窦房结细胞出现不同程度的凋亡现象 ,表明该部分兔子的窦房结动脉起源于右冠状动脉。③缺血 6 0 ,12 0min两组窦房结细胞凋亡率分别为 8.6 %与 16 .1% ,而缺血 10 ,30 ,6 0 ,12 0min再灌注 4h 4组中窦房结细胞凋亡率分别为 2 3.5 %、34.5 %、4 4 .7%与 31.2 %。结论 :缺血再灌注可诱导在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡 ,且随缺血时间延长 ,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加 ;再灌注组细胞凋亡率较相同时间缺血组明显增加 ,表明缺血再灌注损伤介导了窦房结细胞凋亡。     

Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications.

In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the role of arterial stiffness in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, the assessment of arterial stiffness is increasingly used in the clinical assessment of patients. Although several papers have previously addressed the methodological issues concerning the various indices of arterial stiffness currently available, and their clinical applications, clinicians and researchers still report difficulties in selecting the most appropriate methodology for their specific use. This paper summarizes the proceedings of several meetings of the European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries and is aimed at providing an updated and practical overview of the most relevant methodological aspects and clinical applications in this area.     

Traditional thoughts on the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome

The pathogenesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial and varies from patient to patient. Disturbances of motor function in the small intestine and colon and smooth-muscle dysfunction in other gut and extraintestinal regions are prominent. Abnormalities of sensory function in visceral and somatic structures are detected in most patients with IBS, which may relate to peripheral sensitization or altered central nervous system processing of afferent information. Contributions from psychosocial disturbances are observed in patients from tertiary centers and primary practice. Proof of causation of symptom genesis for most of these factors is limited.     

Sarcopenia and frailty: a clinician's controversial point of view

Sarcopenia and frailty are both highly relevant entities with regard to functionality and independence in the elderly. The term sarcopenia has been introduced already in the late 80s and since then attracted the interest of many researchers, the majority being interested in its pathophysiology. Nevertheless there is still no consensus on the definition of sarcopenia and its diagnosis. Despite its relevance for functionality and autonomy most clinicians caring for the elderly are not familiar with sarcopenia and it has not become part of the routine geriatric evaluation. The concept of frailty has recently been supported by the introduction of two new working definitions. Since then clinical research on frailty has steeply increased. The influence of frailty on different age-associated diseases has been investigated and populations at risk for complications of medical or operative therapy are identified with the help of this concept. Simultaneously the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the development of frailty are explored. While sarcopenia may be regarded as a clinical sign that is not specific for the elderly, frailty may be seen as a multidimensional geriatric syndrome which implies a greater relevance for the clinician than the one dimensional approach of sarcopenia.     

远距预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

观察肢体缺血预处理对在体和离体心脏缺血再灌注 (I/R)的影响 ,探讨其发生的可能机制。分别制备在体、离体和远距预处理大鼠心肌梗死模型 ,将 6 0只大鼠随机分为 6组 ,①在体心脏I/R组 (IR1组 ) ,②预处理后在体心脏I/R组 (PC1组 ) ,③离体心脏I/R组 (IR2 组 ) ,④预处理后摘取离体心脏I/R组 (PC2 组 ) ,⑤两组空白对照组 (C1,C2 )各组 10只大鼠。结果 :⑥PC1组与IR1组比较 ,心肌梗死面积明显减少 (12 .9%± 1.7%vs 39.2 %± 2 .4 % ,P <0 .0 1) ,室性心律失常发生率降低 (8.3%vs4 1.7% ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,血CK含量降低 (86 3.35± 139.87vs12 5 0 .16± 36 9.33U/L ,P <0 .0 1) ,血清MDA含量减少 (2 .2 4± 0 .4 2vs 4 .5 3± 0 .30 μmol/L ,P <0 .0 1) ,SOD活性增加 (36 0 .6 0± 70 .33vs185 .0 0± 4 9.75U/L ,P <0 .0 1) ,血浆中NO2 -/NO3 -含量升高 (5 3.2 8± 5 .34vs 32 .2 5± 6 .4 8μmol/L ,P <0 .0 1)。②PC2 组与IR2 组比较 ,两组在心肌梗死范围 ,室性心律失常发生率方面均无明显差异 ,冠脉流出液中CK含量、组织中MDA含量及SOD活性测定亦无明显差异。结论 :远距预处理对在体心脏缺血再灌注损伤具有心肌保护作用 ,而经历预处理的离体心脏则无此作用 ,提示远距预处理对心脏I/R损伤的保护作用可?     

Emerging roles of connexin hemichannels in gastrointestinal and liver pathophysiology

Connexin hemichannels have long been considered as mere structural precursors for gap junctions. In the last decade, it has become clear that they also act as individual channels, connecting the intracellular compartment and the extracellular environment. Impairement of connexin hemichannel functionality may result in disturbance of homeostasis, as exemplified in the current paper for the intestine and the liver. Research in this field still has a number of shortcomings, of which some are also discussed here.     

Pathophysiological significance of gallbladder volume changes in gallstone diseases

AIM: To study the pathophysiological significance of gallbladder volume (GBV) and ejection fraction changes in gallstone patients.METHODS: The fasting GBV of gallstone patients with acute cholecystitis (n = 99), chronic cholecystitis (n = 85) and non-gallstone disease (n = 240) were measured by preoperative computed tomography. Direct saline injection measurements of GBV after cholecystectomy were also performed. The fasting and postprandial GBV of 65 patients with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis and 5...     

Association between microRNA polymorphisms and chronic pancreatitis

BackgroudMicroRNAs play important roles in the development and progression of many human diseases. mir-146a could significantly suppress the induction of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB and chemokine MCP-1, which might play important roles in chronic pancreatitis. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between mir-146a rs2910164, a functional polymorphism in the pre-mir-146a, and chronic pancreatitis risk.MethodsThe rs2910164 genotypes were determined in 165 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 200 healthy controls who were frequency matched for age and gender. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2910164) was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RLFP).ResultsThe frequency of individuals who carried [G] allele was significantly higher in cases (62.7%) than in controls (53.7%, p = 0.015), which resulted in a statistically significant pathogenic effect associated with this variant allele (OR: 1.448, CI: 1.076–1.950; p = 0.015). The GC and GG genotypes showed strong and significant increased risk for complication of chronic pancreatitis (OR = 3.668, 95%CI = 1.233–10.916, p = 0.019; OR = 5.667, 95%CI = 1.852–17.336, p = 0.002). The individuals carrying G allele confer a lower expression level of mature mir-146a.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the mir-146a rs2910164 may contribute to genetic susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis, and that mir-146a might be involved in chronic pancreatitis development.