周剂量紫杉醇联合顺铂治疗晚期食管癌临床观察

目的观察周剂量紫杉醇（PTX）加顺铂（DDP）联合化疗治疗晚期食管癌的近期疗效和毒副反应。方法晚期食管癌患者48例分为两组，PTX＋DDP组：PTX80mg／m^2静滴第1，8天；顺铂20mg／d静滴第1～5天。5-Fu＋DDP＋CF组：5-Fu500mg／m^2静滴，第1～5天；DDP20mg／d静滴第1～5天，CF100mg／次静滴，在5-Fu前2h内给药第1～5天，21天为1周期，2周期后按UICC标准评价近期疗效和毒副反应。结果PTX＋DDP方案治疗20例食管癌患者有效率为70％；5-Fu＋DDP＋CF方案治疗28例的有效率为50％。前一联合方案总有效率高于后者，有显著性差异（P〈0．05），不良反应也较后者重，但大多数患者能耐受，主要为剂量限制性毒性，表现为Ⅱ～Ⅲ度为主的骨髓抑制。结论周剂量紫杉醇联合顺铂治疗晚期食管癌近期疗效显著，毒副反应小。     

Increased accumulation and retention of micellar paclitaxel in drug-sensitive and P-glycoprotein-expressing cell lines following ultrasound exposure

Ultrasound treatment has been shown to enhance the uptake of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds into PC3 and Huvec cell lines using an insonation regimen of a single 10-s burst of high-frequency (4 MHz), moderate intensity (32 W/cm(2)) ultrasound. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of this ultrasound regimen on the cellular accumulation of paclitaxel (PTX) loaded in copolymer micellar of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (MePEG-b-PDLLA) in both drug-sensitive (MDCKII and MCF-7) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-expressing (MDCKII-MDR and NCI-ADR) cell lines. There were no effects of ultrasound on hydrodynamic diameters of micelles and the release of FRET pairs, indicating the integrity of micelles was maintained. There was a two-fold increase in intracellular PTX for all ultrasound-treated drug-sensitive cell lines and their respective drug-resistant counterparts compared with no ultrasound. Significant decreases in drug efflux rates were observed at 20, 40 and 60 min for both drug-sensitive and -resistant cell lines receiving ultrasound. The enhanced accumulation and retention of PTX by ultrasound resulted in greater cytotoxicity in both MDCKII and MDCKII-MDR cell lines, as indicated by the MTS assay. These data suggest that ultrasound may facilitate the uptake of intact paclitaxel-loaded micelles into cells, allowing greater retention of drug in both Pgp and non-Pgp-expressing cells.     

三阴性乳腺癌模型裸鼠血管正常化后对紫杉醇的反应

目的:通过观察人三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)模型裸鼠血管正常化后对紫杉醇的反应,探讨重组人内皮抑素与紫杉醇在血管正常化时间窗内联用是否优于紫杉醇单用并分析磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在早期评估化疗的作用。方法:将人TNBC细胞株MDA-MB-231种植于36只BALB/c-nu雌性裸小鼠的右下腹部皮下,随机分成4组(模型组、重组人内皮抑素治疗组、紫杉醇治疗组及人内皮抑素联用紫杉醇治疗组),每组有7只完成实验。重组人内皮抑素于实验开始时给药,连续使用17 d,紫杉醇于实验第6天和第12天分别给药,所有用药均为腹腔注射,用量均为10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)。治疗前1 d及注射实验试剂后5、11、17 d进行MRI扫描,所有荷瘤鼠均在最后一次MRI扫描后颈椎脱位处死,切下瘤体,进行病理学及免疫组化检测,测定肿瘤微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)及Ki67表达。结果:第17天,联用组移植瘤体积小于模型组及重组人内皮抑素治疗组(P0.05),但与紫杉醇治疗组比较无显著差异。第11天,紫杉醇治疗组的慢弥散系数大于模型组,联用组慢弥散系数大于重组人内皮抑素治疗组(P0.05)。解剖各组荷瘤鼠未见远处转移病灶。HE染色显示4组肿瘤外周均有明显坏死,且药物治疗组坏死程度均高于模型组。药物治疗组的MVD均小于模型组,且药物联用组均小于药物单用组(P0.05)。药物联用组Ki67表达较重组人内皮抑素组明显降低,但与紫杉醇治疗组相比无显著差异。结论:在血管正常化时间窗内,重组人内皮抑素联合紫杉醇化疗对TNBC移植瘤虽有明显的抑瘤作用,但疗效未优于紫杉醇;慢弥散系数可以早期预测治疗效果。     

紫杉醇PCL—PEG—PCL温敏性缓释凝胶的制备及性能研究

目的利用聚己内酯-聚乙二醇-聚己内酯（PCL1250-PEG1500-PCL1250）两亲性聚合物温敏凝胶作为载体材料,构建疏水性抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇的载药体系。方法以辛酸亚锡为催化剂、聚乙二醇为引发剂,引发己内酯单体开环聚合,合成PCL1250-PEG1500-PCL1250三嵌段共聚物。通过核磁共振氢谱及凝胶渗透色谱对其组成、结构及分子量进行表征;制备不同凝胶浓度及初始载药量的载药温敏凝胶,并对其相转变性能、体外药物释放行为以及体内的生物降解性能进行考察。结果核磁共振及凝胶渗透色谱测定结果表明：合成的共聚物组成与初始投料比一致,符合设计的PCL1250-PEG1500-PCL1250嵌段聚合物结构;该凝胶在15％～30％浓度区间内,具备温敏性溶胶-凝胶相转变能力;该温敏凝胶对紫杉醇具有可控的药物缓释能力,通过改变凝胶浓度及初始载药量可凋节药物释放速率和维持释放的时间。小鼠背部皮下注射PCL1250-PEG1500-PCL1250溶胶后在体内迅速原位凝胶化,凝胶随植入时间逐渐降解至45d时基本降解完全。结论PCL1250-PEG1500-PCL1250温敏凝胶作为紫杉醇载药体系具有良好的药物控释能力和体内生物降解性能。     

紫杉醇类化疗药物导致骨髓抑制的中医药防治进展

紫杉醇类化疗药物易出现骨髓抑制不良反应,常导致患者不能按时、足量完成既定化疗方案,而中医药对其骨髓抑制不良反应有独到的认识和疗效。现从对紫杉醇所致骨髓抑制的中医认识、临床常用药物、单味药物研究、经方验方、中成药及外治法等方面系统总结了近年中医药改善紫杉醇类化疗药物所致骨髓抑制的研究,为治疗骨髓抑制的不良反应提供中医论治思路。     

紫杉醇新辅助化疗对非小细胞肺癌患者的疗效及组织 IF-ITM3、MMP-9表达的影响

【目的】探讨紫杉醇新辅助化疗方案对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）患者的疗效及组织干扰素诱导跨膜蛋白3（IFITM3）、基质金属蛋白酶‐9（MMP‐9）表达的影响。【方法】随机数字表格法将经手术病理证实的68例NSCLC患者分为观察组与对照组,观察组采取术前紫杉醇新辅助化疗＋手术治疗,对照组则直接行手术治疗,比较两组手术切除率及术后3年生存率。测定两组NSCLC组织中IFITM3、MMP‐9阳性表达率及其与患者3年生存率的关系。【结果】新辅助化疗治疗有效率为529．4％（18／34）。两组手术切除率,完全切除率相比较差异无显著性（ P ＞00．5）。观察组IFITM3、MMP‐9阳性表达率均明显低于对照组（ P ＜00．5）;观察组术后3年生存率为529．4％,显著高于对照组的294．1％,且差异有显著性（ P ＜00．5）;IFITM3阳性表达、M M P‐9阳性表达患者3年生存率分别为194．4％、235．3％显著低于各自阴性表达的656．2％、588．2％,且差异有显著性（ P ＜00．5）。【结论】术前紫杉醇辅助化疗相比直接手术能明显提高NSCLC患者3年生存率,显著降低FITM3、MMP‐9阳性表达率,且FITM3、MMP‐9表达与NSCLC患者预后有关。     

Transferrin-conjugated magnetic silica PLGA nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin and paclitaxel for brain glioma treatment

The effective treatment of malignant brain glioma is hindered by the poor transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the low penetration across the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). In this study, transferrin-conjugated magnetic silica PLGA nanoparticles (MNP-MSN-PLGA-Tf NPs) were formulated to overcome these barriers. These NPs were loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX), and their anti-proliferative effect was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro cytotoxicity of drug-loaded NPs was evaluated in U-87 cells. The delivery and the subsequent cellular uptake of drug-loaded NPs could be enhanced by the presence of magnetic field and the usage of Tf as targeting ligand, respectively. In particular, cells treated with DOX-PTX-NPs-Tf with magnetic field showed the highest cytotoxicity as compared to those treated with DOX-PTX-NPs-Tf, DOX-PTX-NPs, DOX-PTX-NPs-Tf with free Tf. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of drug-loaded NPs was evaluated in intracranial U-87 MG-luc2 xenograft of BALB/c nude mice. In particular, the DOX-PTX-NPs-Tf treatment exhibited the strongest anti-glioma activity as compared to the PTX-NPs-Tf, DOX-NPs-Tf or DOX-PTX-NPs treatment. Mice did not show acute toxicity after administrating with blank MNP-MSN-PLGA-Tf NPs. Overall, MNP-MSN-PLGA-Tf NPs are promising carriers for the delivery of dual drugs for effective treatment of brain glioma.     

A case of scirrhous gastric cancer with peritonitis carcinomatosa controlled by TS-1(R) + paclitaxel for 36 mo after diagnosis

A 34-year-old female complaining of abdominal fullness was diagnosed as scirrhous gastric cancer (type 4')with peritonitis carcinomatosa in July 2002. A combined chemotherapy regimen was selected to control massive ascites; TS-1(R) 80 mg/m2 was given orally on d 1-14,22-35, and paclitaxel 50 mg/m2 was administered intravenously on d 1, 8, 22 and 29. After 2 courses of this regimen, the primary tumor was markedly reduced,and ascites completely vanished. Alopecia (grade 1,since d 30), leukocytopenia (grade 2, on d 34) and anemia (grade 2, on d 34) were the only adverse events throughout the following courses. The chemotherapy was effective for 28 mo, and then it was discontinued upon the patient's own request, and she survived for 36mo after diagnosis.     

异黏蛋白调控鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的研究

 目的 探讨异黏蛋白（Metadherin, MTDH）对鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的影响。方法 采用慢病毒介导的MTDH cDNA和MTDH-shRNA转染鼻咽癌细胞，分别上调和抑制MTDH的表达。CCK-8法、流式细胞实验分别检测细胞增殖能力、细胞周期及凋亡改变。CCK-8法确定紫杉醇对鼻咽癌细胞的IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IIC₇₀，并检测IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IC₇₀浓度下MTDH过表达组与沉默组细胞生存率改变。结果 MTDH上调后5-8F、HNE-1细胞的增殖能力均增强，而沉默MTDH后细胞的增殖能力均降低。MTDH沉默组的G1期细胞比例明显增加。MTDH过表达组细胞凋亡率降低，MTDH沉默组细胞凋亡率增加。MTDH表达上调之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度降低，在IC₇₀、IC₅₀浓度下，MTDH过表达组细胞的生存率高于对照组细胞。沉默MTDH之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度升高，在IC₅₀、IC₃₀浓度下，MTDH沉默组细胞的生存率低于对照组细胞。结论 MTDH在促进鼻咽癌细胞增殖中起重要作用，其高表达可促进鼻咽癌细胞紫杉醇耐药性的产生。     

Improved anticancer delivery of paclitaxel by albumin surface modification of PLGA nanoparticles

Background

Nanoparticles (NPs) play an important role in anticancer delivery systems. Surface modified NPs with hydrophilic polymers such as human serum albumin (HSA) have long half-life in the blood circulation system.

Methods

The method of modified nanoprecipitation was utilized for encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Para-maleimide benzoic hydrazide was conjugated to PLGA for the surface modifications of PLGA NPs, and then HSA was attached on the surface of prepared NPs by maleimide attachment to thiol groups (cysteines) of albumin. The application of HSA provides for the longer blood circulation of stealth NPs due to their escape from reticuloendothelial system (RES). Then the physicochemical properties of NPs like surface morphology, size, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release were analyzed.

Results

The particle size of NPs ranged from 170 to 190 nm and increased about 20–30 nm after HSA conjugation. The zeta potential was about -6 mV and it decreased further after HSA conjugation. The HSA conjugation in prepared NPs was proved by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, faster degradation of HSA in Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization, and other evidences such as the increasing in size and the decreasing in zeta potential. The PTX released in a biphasic mode for all colloidal suspensions. A sustained release profile for approximately 33 days was detected after a burst effect of the loaded drug. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation also indicated that the HSA NPs are more cytotoxic than plain NPs.

Conclusions

HSA decoration of PLGA NPs may be a suitable method for longer blood circulation of NPs.