Automated synthesis of 68Ga/177Lu-PSMA on the Trasis miniAllinOne

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) studies represent the gold standard for detection of recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC is a PET radiotracer suitable for detection of PCa, and its clinical use has become widespread over the last few years. In this contribution, we detail our GMP-compliant production of [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC using the Trasis miniAllinOne radiosynthesizer and report synthetic and clinical data for the first 100 productions of 2019. Additionally, we detail our efforts towards a GMP-compliant production of the radiotherapeutic [¹⁷⁷Lu]PSMA-I&T using the same synthesis module. PSMA-based radioligand therapy (RLT) offers a possible future treatment in cases of metastatic castration-resistant PCa, and GMP-compliant routine production methods are therefore called for. This report highlights how PSMA-based agents for theranostic purposes can be conveniently produced at a single radiochemistry Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) site, thereby facilitating optimized detection and treatment of PCa.     

Intra-subspecies sequence variability of the MACPPE12 gene in Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis

The PE (Pro-Glu) and PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) multigene families are unique to mycobacteria, and are highly expanded in the pathogenic members of this genus. We determined the intra-subspecies genetic variability of the MACPPE12 gene, which is a specific PPE gene in Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), using 334 MAH isolates obtained from different isolation sources (222 human isolates, 145 Japanese and 77 Korean; 37 bathroom isolates; and 75 pig isolates). In total, 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which consisted of 16 synonymous SNPs and 15 nonsynonymous SNPs, were determined through comparison with the MACPPE12 gene sequence of MAH strain 104 as a reference. As the result, the 334 MAH isolates were classified into 19 and 13 different sequevars at the nucleic acid level (NA types) and amino acid level (AA types), respectively. Among the 13 AA types, only one type, the AA02 type, presented various NA types (7 different types) with synonymous SNPs, whereas all other AA types had a one-to-one correspondence with the NA types. This finding suggests that AA02 is a longer discernible lineage than the other AA types. Therefore, AA02 was classified as an ancestral type of the MACPPE12 gene, whereas the other AA types were classified as modern types. The ubiquitous presence of AA02 in all of the isolation sources and all different sequevars classified by the hsp65 genotype further supports this classification. In contrast to the ancestral type, the modern types showed remarkable differences in distribution between human isolates and pig isolates, and between Japanese isolates and Korean isolates. Divergence of the MACPPE12 gene may thus be a good indicator to characterize MAH strains in certain areas and/or hosts.     

Novel Approach for Delivery of Insulin Loaded Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Using a Combination of Stabilizers

Insulin stability during microencapsulation and subsequent release is essential for retaining its biological activity. The successful delivery of insulin relies on the proper selection of stabilizers in addition to other parameters. Attempts were made to address the problem with a few combination of stabilizers for maintaining the integrity of insulin during formulation and delivery. Insulin loaded nanoparticles with different stabilizers such as pluronic F68, trehalose, and sodium bicarbonate were prepared by the double emulsion evaporation method using two different copolymer ratios of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50 and 85:15). The presence of stabilizers in the nanoparticles resulted in an increase in the particle size but a reduction of encapsulation efficiency. Insulin release rate was comparatively higher for the batches containing stabilizers when compared with controls for both the copolymer ratios. Also the presence of stabilizers resulted in sustained release of insulin resulting in prolonged reduction of blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. From the in vitro and in vivo studies, we concluded that a combination of stabilizers results in beneficial effects without compromising the advantages of delivery systems.     

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded glyceryl monostearate nanoparticle: factorial design of Lutrol F68 and Phospholipon 90G

Purpose: This investigation was undertaken to develop glyceryl monostearate (Geleol)-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of a hydrophilic drug ciprofloxacin HCl.

Methods: Hansen's solubility parameter study was carried out in screening of a suitable carrier and solvent system. Subsequently, SLNs were prepared by solvent diffusion evaporation method and investigated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release behaviour.

Results: Variations in SLN composition resulted in particle sizes between 170 and 810?nm and ZPs between 8 and 14?mV. The maximum EE was found to be 26.3% with particle size of 188.8?nm. SLN can sustain the release of drug for up to 15?h and it shows Higuchi matrix model as the best-fitted model. SLNs were stable without aggregation of particles under storage conditions.

Conclusions: The results of this study provide the framework for further study involving the SLN formulation for hydrophilic drug molecule.     

Interfacial Properties as Stability Predictors of Lecithin-Stabilized Perfluorocarbon Emulsions

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of small quantities of minor lecithin components (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol) and Pluronic F68 to lecithin could improve the stability of lecithin-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions. Attempts were made to correlate emulsion stability with interfacial properties (tension and charge). Dynamic interfacial tension was determined using a Teflon Wilhelmy plate method [reported previously (1)]. Emulsions were prepared by microfluidization. Microelectrophoresis was used to measure emulsion droplet charge, and photon correlation spectroscopy and Coulter analysis were used to determine emulsion stability as a function of droplet size. Thermal kinetic accelerated stability testing was conducted. Various droplet size parameters were used to compare emulsion stabilities, and an overall stability ranking, based on these parameters, was obtained for each emulsion. Small quantities of additives altered emulsion stability and these data were correlated with interfacial properties and initial droplet diameters. The addition of cholesterol to lecithin resulted in the most stable perfluorocarbon emulsion.     

氯沙坦钾联合环磷酰胺治疗2型糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织中TGF-β1、CD68和MCP-1表达的影响

目的 探讨氯沙坦钾联合环磷酰胺在治疗2型糖尿病肾病大鼠时对转化生长因子β1 (TGF-β1)、CD68和单核细胞趋化因子蛋白-1(MCP-1)表达的影响.方法 选择45只雄性健康SD大鼠,按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、2型糖尿病肾病模型组和氯沙坦钾联合环磷酰胺治疗组大鼠各15只.造模成功后,观察三组大鼠的血生化指标和肾脏病理学改变等,并采用免疫组化染色比较其TGF-β1、CD68和MCP-1的表达情况.结果 与正常对照组相比,模型组和治疗组的体质量较低,在尿蛋白、血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇和肌酐等血生化指标以及TGF-β1、CD68和MCP-1表达方面均显著高于对照组,且差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组与模型组相比,甘油三酯、肌酐以及TGF-β1、CD68和MCP-1表达均较低(P＜0.05).结论 氯沙坦钾联合环磷酰胺在治疗2型糖尿病肾病大鼠时,可以通过降低肾组织中TGF-β1、CD68和MCP-1的表达水平来降低炎细胞浸润和免疫反应程度,从而延缓糖尿病肾病病情的进展,但是否能用于临床有待于进一步研究.     

Physicochemical characterization of emulgel formulated with SepineoP 600, SepineoSE 68 and cosolvent mixtures

The combined properties of SepineoP 600 (S600), a self-gelling dispersion and SepineoSE 68 (M68), a natural liquid crystal forming surfactant, were utilized in the development of emulgel base for topical application. The emulgels were prepared in water alone or combined with propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and glycerol (G) as cosolvents. Emulgels were characterized for their optical and flow behavior. Two model drugs: caffeine (CF) and methylparaben (MP) were used in the evaluation of drug permeation across the stratum corneum (SC). The results showed that emulgel prepared using 70% PG:water (1:1) and 30% S600 has the best flow behavior compared to other cosolvents. Also the permeability coefficient of CF was found to be higher than that of MP and the addition of 3% M68 improved the physical stability of the emulgel, but it did not affect the drug diffusion profile.     

NF-Kappa B p65与CD68在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及意义

目的 通过检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中核转录因子κb p65 (NF-κB p65)蛋白、CD68阳性细胞的表达,探讨它们在肺癌发生发展中的作用以及两者的关系.方法 免疫组化SP法检测67例人NSCLC标本(每个标本取癌组织、癌旁组织、正常组织)中NF-κB p65和CD68的表达,多组间比较运用单因素方差分析,并采用Pearson相关分析NF-κB p65蛋白表达与CD68阳性细胞数量的相关性.结果 肺癌组织、癌旁组织、正常组织中NF-κB p65的平均光密度值分别为0.174±0.034,0.139±0.016,0.090±0.01;CD68阳性细胞数分别为11.779±1.368,97.486±2.538,52.140±1.853,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CD68的表达与TNM分期、淋巴节转移、是否侵及胸膜有关(P＜0.05).NF-κB p65蛋白在NSCLC中的表达与癌组织分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴节转移及是否侵及胸膜有关(P＜0.05).CD68阳性细胞数量和NF-κB p65蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.416,P＜ 0.05).结论 NF-κB p65蛋白的表达和CD68+巨噬细胞的浸润与NSCLC的发生发展转移相关,提示CD68+巨噬细胞可能通过激活NF-κB促进非小细胞肺癌的发生发展.     

Action mechanism of Yi Guan Jian Decoction on CCl4 induced cirrhosis in rats

Aim of study

To investigate action mechanism of Yi Guan Jian Decoction on cirrhosis induced by CCl₄ in rats.

Material and methods

CCl₄ (3 mL/kg) for the first time and then olive oil CCl₄ solution 50% (2 mL/kg) was administered hypodermically to rats twice each week for 12 weeks. At the end of 8th week, rats were randomly divided into CCl₄ control group (n = 10), Yi Guan Jian Decoction group (n = 9) and Xiao Chai Hu Decoction group (n = 9). Yi Guan Jian Decoction and Xiao Chai Hu Decoction were oral administrated per day respectively for 4 weeks, concomitantly continued CCl₄ administration. At 12th weekend, the rats were sacrificed for sampling and detection of liver function, histological changes of liver tissue, liver tissue hydroxyproline content and expression of α-SMA, CD68, MMP-13, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, Caspase-12, HGFα, MMP-2, MMP-9 and hepatocyte apoptotic index.

Results and conclusions

(1) Compared with that of normal rats, expression of α-SMA, CD68 and TIMP-1 in liver tissue of 8 week model group rats increases significantly (P < 0.01), moreover further increased in the 12 week of model group. However, MMP-13, HGFα, TIMP-2 content decreases gradually and the statistical difference is seen between each time point (P < 0.01). Activity of MMP-2, MMP-9, content of Caspase-12 and hepatocyte apoptotic index increased gradually at 4th, 8th, 12th week. (2) Compared to that of the same time point model group, activity of MMP-9 and contents of MMP-13, TIMP-2 and HGFα in Yi Guan Jian Decoction group improves significantly (P < 0.01), and activity of MMP-2 and contents of α-SMA, TIMP-1, Caspase-12 and hepatocyte apoptotic index decreases significantly (P < 0.01). This work suggests that Yi Guan Jian Decoction exerts significant therapeutic effect on CCl₄-induced cirrhosis in rats, through mechanism of inhibiting hepatocytes apoptosis and hepatic stellate cells activation, and regulating the function of Kupffer cell.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This study investigates the mechanism of Yi Guan Jian against cirrhosis from aspect of heptocytes apoptosis and hepatic stellate cells activation. It suggest that although of unknown bioactive ingredients, mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine recipe against cirrhosis can be disclosed and of profound significance.     

受损坐骨神经中STAT3表达和酪氨酸磷酸化的变化及重组CNTF的作用

研究周围神经修复后 ,受损周围神经中信号转导子和转录激活子 3(STAT3)表达和酪氨酸磷酸化的变化及睫状神经营养因子 (CNTF)的作用。用硅管套接切断的成年大鼠坐骨神经 ,术时在受损神经处给予重组CNTF ,用免疫组织化学ABC法结合计算机图像分析观测修复侧神经中STAT3、磷酸化酪氨酸 (PTyr)的分布和相对含量。在生理盐水组修复侧神经中 ,轴突、雪旺细胞STAT3的含量升高 ,轴突、雪旺细胞、单核细胞的PTyr含量升高 ;CNTF组修复侧神经上述细胞成分的STAT3和PTyr含量更高。提示受损坐骨神经的STAT3表达上调 ,酪氨酸磷酸化增强 ,外加重组CNTF有进一步增强的作用。