糖尿病足诊治护理概况

糖尿病足部病变是最令糖尿病患者痛苦的常见慢性并发症之一,也是致残、致死的重要原因。糖尿病足的基本病理变化是糖尿病患者由于合并神经病变使足部感觉障碍,合并周围血管病变,使下肢缺血失去活动能力。对于糖尿病患者来说,一个微小的足部创伤都可能会造成终身残废,轻者皮肤溃烂、化脓感染,重则发展成坏疽而截肢。因此,对糖尿病患者足部病损的预防尤为重要。     

Acupuncture for treatment of anxiety,an overview of systematic reviews

PurposeTo evaluate the methodological quality and summarize evidence of important outcomes of systematic reviews (SRs)/Meta analyses (MAs) of acupuncture for anxiety.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search for SRs/MAs in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Chinese Biomedical Databases (CBM), Wanfang database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) until November 30, 2018. Three reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the reviews according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to rate the quality of evidence. In the pre-experiment, we used the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess reviewer agreement, the ICC value for overall score was 0.978.ResultsTen reviews were included. The assessment results of AMSTAR-2 showed that the methodological quality of all included studies was critically low. The lowest score were item “provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusions” and item “report sources of funding for the included studies”, none of studies provided information about the above two items, followed by the “providing a priori design” item with only two (20%) studies conforming to this item. For GRADE, of the 7 outcomes, high quality evidence was provided in only 1 (14.3%), moderate in 2 (28.6.7%), and low in 4 (57.1%).ConclusionAlthough most of the included reviews indicated that acupuncture group was more effective than control group in the treatment of anxiety, more importantly, the methodological quality of the included reviews and the quality of evidence were low. More high-quality evidence is needed to determine whether acupuncture is more effective than other treatments.     

中药治疗心房颤动的系统评价再评价

目的对中药治疗心房颤动的系统评价进行再评价。方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI、CBM、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集中药治疗心房颤动的系统评价(SR),检索时限均为建库至2019年7月。由2名研究员独立筛选和提取资料后,应用AMSTAR2量表、PRISMA声明和GRADE方法对纳入研究的方法学质量、报告质量和证据质量进行评价。结果最终纳入20个SR,其中15个合并分析了临床疗效,12个对不良反应进行了分析。纳入SR的AMSTAR2方法学质量评价整体偏低,评价为高质量的0篇,低质量1篇,极低质量19篇;得分较差的条目为条目2、7、8、9、10、12、13、14、16。纳入SR的PRISMA得分在14~22.5分之间,报告质量问题主要表现在方案与注册、资料条目、其他分析方法和资金来源方面。采用GRADE进行结局指标证据体评价,证据体质量普遍较低。结论中药治疗房颤可提高临床疗效,减少不良反应,但所纳入文献整体方法学质量不高,证据体质量普遍偏低,建议进一步开展高质量临床研究,为评价中药治疗房颤临床疗效提供依据。     

Chinese medicine formulas for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Overview of systematic reviews

BACKGROUNDNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects more than one-quarter of the global population. Due to the lack of approved chemical agents, many patients seek treatment from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas. A variety of systematic reviews have been published regarding the effectiveness and safety of TCM formulas for NAFLD.AIMTo critically appraise available systematic reviews and sort out the high-quality evidence on TCM formulas for the management of NAFLD.METHODSSeven databases were systematically searched from their inception to 28 February 2020. The search terms included “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,” “Chinese medicines,” “systematic review,” and their synonyms. Systematic reviews involving TCM formulas alone or in combination with conventional medications were included. The methodological quality and risk of bias of eligible systematic reviews were evaluated by using A Measure Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and Risk of Bias in Systematic Review (ROBIS). The quality of outcomes was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.RESULTSSeven systematic reviews were ultimately included. All systematic reviews were conducted based on randomized controlled trials and published in the last decade. According to the AMSTAR 2 tool, one systematic review was judged as having a moderate confidence level, whereas the other studies were rated as having a low or extremely low level of confidence. The ROBIS tool showed that the included systematic reviews all had a high risk of bias due to insufficient consideration of identified concerns. According to the GRADE system, only two outcomes were determined as high quality; namely, TCM formulas with the HuoXueHuaYu principle were better than conventional medications in ultrasound improvement, and TCM formulas were superior to antioxidants in alanine aminotransferase normalization. Other outcomes were downgraded to lower levels, mainly because of heterogeneity among studies, not meeting optimal information sample size, and inclusion of excessive numbers of small sample studies. Nevertheless, the evidence quality of extracted outcomes should be further downgraded when applying to clinical practice due to indirectness.CONCLUSIONThe quality of available systematic reviews was not satisfactory. Researchers should avoid repeatedly conducting systematic reviews in this area and focus on designing rigorous randomized controlled trials to support TCM formula applications.     

The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for depression: An overview of meta-analyses

PurposeTo provide an overview of existing meta-analysis (MAs) on the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for depression, and assess the methodological quality and the strength of evidence of the included MAs.MethodsWe searched MAs of randomized trials that have evaluated the effects of acupuncture on depression in three international and three Chinese databases from their inception until August 2019. The methodological quality of included MAs was evaluated with the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), and the strength of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). We used the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess reviewer agreement in the pre-experiment.ResultsWe included 31 MAs and 59 RCTs. The results of included MAs were conflicting, our meta-analyses found that acupuncture may confer small benefit in reducing the severity of depression by end of treatment than no treatment/wait list/treatment as usual(SMD -0.74, 95% CI -1.06 to -0.41, eight trials, 624 participants), control acupuncture (invasive, non-invasive sham controls) (SMD 0.27, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.04, 20 trials, 1055 participants), antidepressants(Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)/ Tetracyclic antidepressants(TCAs)) (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.10, 30 trials, 3068 participants), acupuncture plus antidepressants versus antidepressants(SSRI/TCAs) (SMD -0.99, 95% CI -1.37 to -0.61, 17 trials, 1110 participants). Subgroup analyses showed that there was no difference between electro-acupuncture and invasive control (P = 0.37), electro-acupuncture and non-invasive control (P = 0.90), manual acupuncture and Tetracyclic antidepressants (P = 0.57), electro-acupuncture and Tetracyclic antidepressants (P = 0.07). Six MAs concluded that acupuncture reduced the incidence of adverse events compared with antidepressants. The evaluation with AMSTAR-2 showed that the quality of included MAs was low or critically low. The results of the GRADE evaluation showed that the strength of evidence was low to very low for most outcomes.ConclusionsAlthough acupuncture appears to be more effective and safer than no treatment, control acupuncture and antidepressants, the quality of the available evidence was very low. Further methodologically rigorous and adequately powered primary studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of acupuncture for depression.     

Acupuncture for treatment of insomnia: An overview of systematic reviews

PurposeTo evaluate the reliability of the methodological quality and outcome measures of systematic review (SR) /meta-analysis (MA) of acupuncture for insomnia.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search for SRs with MAs in seven international and Chinese databases. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the reviews according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to rate the quality of evidence.ResultsThirty-four reviews were included. The AMSTAR-2 score showed that most of the included studies were of low methodological quality and included only two high-quality literatures. The lowest score were the item 10 (all the studies didn't report on the sources of funding for the studies included in the review), item 7(32 studies didn't provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusions) and item 3 (27 studies didn't explain their selection of the study designs for inclusion in the review).ConclusionMost of the reviews included suggested that the acupuncture group was more effective than the control group in the treatment of insomnia, but the methodological quality of most of the studies and the quality of evidence were low.     

Corticosteroids for managing acute pain subsequent to surgical extraction of mandibular third molars: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundCorticosteroids are used to manage pain after surgical tooth extractions. The authors assessed the effect of corticosteroids on acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgical tooth extractions of mandibular third molars.Types of Studies ReviewedThe authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. The authors searched the Epistemonikos database, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the US clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) from inception until April 2023. Pairs of reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, then full texts of trials were identified as potentially eligible. After duplicate data abstraction, the authors conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.ResultsForty randomized controlled trials proved eligible. The evidence suggested that corticosteroids compared with a placebo provided a trivial reduction in pain intensity measured 6 hours (mean difference, 8.79 points lower; 95% CI, 14.8 to 2.77 points lower; low certainty) and 24 hours after surgical tooth extraction (mean difference, 8.89 points lower; 95% CI, 10.71 to 7.06 points lower; very low certainty). The authors found no important difference between corticosteroids and a placebo with regard to incidence of postoperative infection (risk difference, 0%; 95% CI, –1% to 1%; low certainty) and alveolar osteitis (risk difference, 0%; 95% CI, –3% to 4%; very low certainty).Practical ImplicationsLow and very low certainty evidence suggests that there is a trivial difference regarding postoperative pain intensity and adverse effects of corticosteroids administered orally, submucosally, or intramuscularly compared with a placebo in patients undergoing third-molar extractions.     

针灸治疗带状疱疹及其后遗症的系统评价再评价＊

目的 根据当今针灸治疗带状疱疹（HZ）及其后遗症的meta分析/系统评价（MA/SR），将其方法学及证据质量进行评价，以期为针灸治疗带状疱疹及其后遗症提供临床依据。方法 对中国知网（CNKI），万方（Wanfang）和维普（VIP）数据库，中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM），PubMed，Embase，Cochrane Library，Web of Science 8个数据库进行检索，收集有关针灸治疗带状疱疹及其后遗症的MAs/SRs，运用AMSTAR对MAs/SRs进行方法学质量评价，同时采用GRADE系统对证据质量进行评价分级。结果 本文共纳入20篇MAs/SRs，主要结论为针灸治疗HZ及其后遗症具有有效性和安全性。根据AMSTAR显示，20篇MAs/SRs中，有1个高质量研究，19个中等质量研究，无低等质量研究。GRADE评级显示，针灸对于带状疱疹及其后遗症的MAs/SRs具有较低的证据质量。所有结局指标中共有27个结局指标为极低质量，19个为低质量，12个为中等质量，无高质量的证据。结论 当前MAs/SRs显示，针灸对带状疱疹及其后遗症具有一定疗效和安全性，方法学质量属于中高级，但证据质量级别属于低级，其主要原因为原始研究质量不佳所致。     

天麻抗衰老的研究概况

天麻是以兰科真菌营养型多年生草本植物天麻的干燥块茎入药,具有息风止痉、平抑肝阳、祛风通络的功效及增智健脑、抗衰老、抗心血管疾病、抗惊厥、镇痛和镇静等药理作用,近年来由于其在抗衰老方面显著的药理活性而受到广泛关注。文章就天麻抗氧化作用及其影响因素方面进行综述,以期为天麻进一步开发应用提供参考。     

针刺治疗单纯性肥胖系统评价的再评价＊

目的 对针刺治疗单纯性肥胖的系统评价进行再评价研究，为针刺临床循证决策提供参考。方法 计算机检索主要的中英文电子文献数据库（PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI等），收集自建库至2019年2月28日关于针刺干预单纯性肥胖的系统评价。本研究采用AMASTAR 2工具评价纳入系统评价的方法学质量，使用GRADE系统对纳入系统评价的结局指标进行证据质量分级。借助Stata 14.0软件进行统计分析。结果 共纳入11篇系统评价。AMSTAR 2评价结果显示，9篇为极低质量，2篇为低质量。存在问题最多的条目分别为实施前未确定研究方法、未提供排除文献清单及未考虑单个研究的偏倚风险。GRADE证据分级提示，34个结局指标为低或极低质量，5个结局指标为中等质量，无高级别证据。导致降级最主要的因素为局限性，其次为发表偏倚、不一致性。结论 当前针刺治疗单纯性肥胖患者的系统评价方法学质量不高，结局指标的可靠程度相对较低。因此，今后仍需开展高质量的随机对照试验来证实针刺治疗单纯性肥胖的疗效和安全性，并应规范针刺相关临床研究的方法学质量和报告质量，以期提高证据质量水平。