职业性有机溶剂中毒15例临床表现和影像学特征分析

目的 探讨职业性有机溶剂中毒的临床表现、神经影像学特征、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析15例职业性有机溶剂中毒患者的临床资料。结果 15例患者均急性或亚急性起病,有明确的有机溶剂职业接触史,主要临床表现包括头晕(73.3%)、认知功能下降(60%)、锥体束损害(53.3%)、颅内高压综合征(46.7%)、意识障碍(33.3%); 其中14例患者头颅磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)显示为弥漫性脑组织肿胀,以双侧大脑半球白质为主,呈“火焰状”,10例累及双侧基底节(苍白球),8例累及双侧小脑齿状核,呈“肾形”改变,5例累及双侧丘脑; 所有患者使用脱水剂、糖皮质激素及高压氧等综合治疗后,其中12例患者好转出院,无或仅遗留轻微后遗症,3例患者无明显改善,预后差。结论 职业性有机溶剂中毒以头晕、认知功能下降、锥体束损害、颅内高压综合征及意识障碍等中毒性脑病表现为主,典型头颅MRI为双侧大脑半球白质、苍白球及小脑齿状核对称性病变,结合患者职业接触史需考虑本病; 早期、长程、足量给予脱水剂、糖皮质激素及高压氧等综合治疗,大多数患者预后良好。     

Nutrient recovery from pigeon dropping by using exotic earthworm Eisenia fetida

Pigeon dropping is a kind of organic waste which can be transformed easily into organic manure by vermicomposting with exotic earthworm Eisenia fetida. In the present study, a pigeon excreta was collected from roof tops. The pigeon excreta was mixed with cattle dung with the ratios as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% respectively, in plastic containers; meanwhile, those proposal were name as C₁₀, C₂₀, C₃₀, C₄₀ and C₅₀ respectively. Feed mixtures were allowed to decompose (pre-vermicomposting without earthworm) for 20–25 days. After decomposition, 20 hatchlings of E. fetida were put in each concentration after weighing. Cattle dung (without pigeon excreta) was kept as the control. The physico-chemical analysis of initial feed mixture and final product after vermicomposting was also done to measure the changes in the feed mixtures from the initial to the final states. There were increases in the content of N (52.35%), P (115.79%), K (39.97%) and EC (56.16%) but decrease in those of OC (-15.49%), OM (-15.49%), pH (-7.92%) and Ca (-39.62%) from the initial to the final product. The highest population size of earthworms and minimum mortality rate was observed in C₃₀ feed mixture. Thus, the present study indicated that cattle dung mixed with 30% (w/w) pigeon excreta waste may be a good choice for vermicomposting.     

Two-stage vertical flow multi-soil-layering (MSL) technology for efficient removal of coliforms and human pathogens from domestic wastewater in rural areas under arid climate

This paper investigates the removal efficiency of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms and pathogens from rural domestic wastewater in a two-stage vertical flow multi-soil-layering (MSL) system. The effects of wastewater quality, season and arid climate conditions on pollutants removal efficiency by the system were examined for one year. The experimental setup included two similar MSL systems composed of two layers: soil-mixture-layers (SML) and gravel permeable layers (PL) that are arranged in a brick like pattern. The applied hydraulic loading rate was 1000 L m^?2 day^?1. Results showed that most of the physicochemical contaminants elimination occurred while the wastewater percolated through the first MSL stage. The second stage demonstrated an improvement in the reduction of all pollutants, especially fecal bacteria indicators and pathogens. The mean overall removal rates performed by the two-stage MSL system were 97% for TSS, 96% for BOD₅, 91% for COD, 96% for TN and 95% for TP. For bacterial indicators, the combination of two-stage MSL system achieved high log removals between 2.21 and 3.15 log units. Contaminants reduction processes in MSL technology are more dependent on internal than external environmental factors. The effectiveness of the two-stage MSL system to treat domestic wastewater was strongly influenced by wastewater quality. Significant relationships between influent contaminants level and their removal efficiency were found. The efficiency of MSL technology to reduce contaminants is not sensitive to season and air temperature fluctuations. This is due to the capacity of MSL system materials to withstand the air temperature variation, which highlights one of the advantages of MSL’s technology. Wastewater quality is the most important factor affecting the removal of contaminants in the MSL, which could be a critical parameter to considered when designing MSL system. Two-stage MSL system achieved a high treated wastewater quality amenable for treated wastewater reuse in agriculture recommended by Moroccan code of practice. Therefore, the combination of two-stage vertical flow MSL system could be considered an efficient and promising domestic wastewater treatment solution in arid countries to promote environmental protection and wastewater reuse.     

Toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of gas-to-liquid (GTL) products. 2. Ecotoxicology

Gas-to-liquid (GTL) products are synthetic hydrocarbons produced from natural gas using a catalytic process known as the Fischer–Tropsch process. This process yields a synthetic crude oil that consists of saturated hydrocarbons which can subsequently be refined to a range of products analogous to those obtained from petroleum refining. However, in contrast to their petroleum-derived analogs, GTL products are essentially free of unsaturated or aromatic compounds and do not contain any sulfur-, oxygen-, or nitrogen-containing compounds. Under new chemical substance notification requirements, an extensive testing program covering the entire portfolio of GTL products has been undertaken to assess their hazardous properties to human health and environment. The results of these studies have been summarized in a two-part review. Part 1 provides an overview of the mammalian toxicity hazardous properties of the various GTL products. This second part of the review focuses on the aquatic, sediment, terrestrial, and avian toxicity studies which assess the ecotoxicological hazard profile of the GTL products. Many challenges were encountered during these tests relating to dosing, analysis and interpretation of results. These are discussed with the intent to share experiences to help inform and shape future regulatory mandates for testing of poorly soluble complex substances. As was the case with the mammalian toxicology review, there were a few cases where adverse effects were found, but overall the GTL products were found to exert minimal adverse ecotoxicological effects and these were less severe than effects observed with their conventional, petroleum-derived analogs.     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定尼美舒利原料药的溶剂残留量

目的：建立尼美舒利原料药中8种有机溶剂残留量的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定法。方法使用Agilent DB-WAX毛细管柱（30 m ×0．32 mm ×0．5μm）,氢火焰离子检测器,进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃。程序升温,初温50℃,保持5 min,然后以15℃＆#183; min-1的速率升至120℃,再以30℃·min-1的速率升至240℃,保持5 min。顶空进样,平衡温度95℃,平衡时间30 min。结果在上述条件下,正己烷,丙酮,甲醇,二氯甲烷,乙醇,甲苯,吡啶,正丁醇分离度均在2．0以上,线性关系良好（r分别为0．9997,0．9992,0．9976,0．9987,0．9988,0．9993,0．9988,0．9988）,平均回收率（n＝6）均在97％以上。结论该法简单、准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于尼美舒利原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

Relationships Between Persistent Organic Pollutants and Circulating Immunoglobulin-Y in Black-Legged Kittiwakes and Atlantic Puffins

Have Although persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may affect the immune system, few field studies actually examined this effect. There are indications that POP exert effects on the immune system; however, in the Arctic ecosystem data are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine immune functions in two medium trophic-positioned seabirds, the black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica). Overall POP concentrations were higher in kittiwakes than puffins and males had significantly higher concentrations than females. Mean concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB₉) were 4700 ± 200 and 9600 ± 1400 ng/g lipid weight and 2800 ± 180 and 3900 ± 200 ng/g lipid weight in female and male kittiwake and puffin blood, respectively. Levels of immunoglobulin-Y (IgY) in blood of kittiwakes were not markedly affected by concentrations of POP. Similarly, the primary IgY response to tetanus toxoid was not affected by POP concentrations in a subsample of immunized kittiwakes. In puffins, there were significant correlations between the IgY-response and some of the POPs, but with low explanatory values. These results suggest that POPs concentrations were lower than, or just at the threshold level for effects of the proposed IgY biomarker. It is also conceivable that the IgY levels are not a suitable endpoint for evaluating perturbation of the immune system in free-living seabirds.     

Assessment of genomic damage and repair on human lymphocytes by paint thinner in vitro

Paint thinners are organic-solvent complex mixtures frequently used by car painters around the world in industries and shops. Some studies have revealed the oxidative effect induced by thinner inhalation; however, its genotoxic effect is poorly studied. The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity, genomic damage and DNA repair in vitro induced by commercial paint thinner 0.14 in human lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was determined by cell-viability analysis with trypan blue after 4?h treatment with different thinner concentrations (0.025 to 1.2?µL/mL). Genomic damage was evaluated by means of the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; pH > 13) in treated cultures after 1?h with three low-cytotoxic thinner concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2?µL/mL). In order to evaluate the genomic DNA repair, one set of SCGE slides was prepared immediately after treatment, and another one was prepared after 4?h of liquid-holding recovery. A significant level of cytotoxicity was observed over the entire concentration range of paint thinner in lymphocytes (F?=?175.98; p?≤?0.001). In the SCGE % tail DNA assessment, a significant increase of lymphocyte genomic damage was evidenced (F?=?72.32; p?p?相似文献