Intramuscular nerve distribution pattern of ankle invertor muscles in human cadaver using sihler stain

Introduction: We sought to the ideal sites for botulinum toxin injection by examining the intramuscular nerve patterns of the ankle invertors. Methods: A modified Sihler method was performed on the flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, and flexor digitorum longus muscles (10 specimens each). The muscle origins, nerve entry points, and intramuscular arborization areas were measured as a percentage of the total distance from the most prominent point of the lateral malleolus (0%) to the fibular head (100%). Results: Intramuscular arborization patterns were observed at 20–50% for the flexor hallucis longus, 70–80% for the tibialis posterior, and 30–40% for the flexor digitorum longus. Conclusions: These findings suggest that treatment of muscle spasticity of the ankle invertors involves botulinum toxin injections in specific areas. These areas, corresponding to the areas of maximum arborization, are recommended as the most effective and safest points for injection. Muscle Nerve 53 : 742–747, 2016     

Modified skin incision for avoiding the lesser occipital nerve and occipital artery during retrosigmoid craniotomy: potential applications for enhancing operative working distance and angles while minimizing the risk of postoperative neuralgias and intraoperative hemorrhage

Chronic postoperative neuralgias and headache following retrosigmoid craniotomy can be uncomfortable for the patient. We aimed to better elucidate the regional nerve anatomy in an effort to minimize this postoperative complication. Ten adult cadaveric heads (20 sides) were dissected to observe the relationship between the lesser occipital nerve and a traditional linear versus modified U incision during retrosigmoid craniotomy. Additionally, the relationship between these incisions and the occipital artery were observed. The lesser occipital nerve was found to have two types of course. Type I nerves (60%) remained close to the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and some crossed anteriorly over the sternocleidomastoid muscle near the mastoid process. Type II nerves (40%) left the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and swung medially (up to 4.5 cm posterior to the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle) as they ascended over the occiput. The lesser occipital nerve was near a midpoint of a line between the external occipital protuberance and mastoid process in all specimens with the type II nerve configuration. Based on our findings, the inverted U incision would be less likely to injure the type II nerves but would necessarily cross over type I nerves, especially more cranially on the nerve at the apex of the incision. As the more traditional linear incision would most likely transect the type I nerves and more so near their trunk, the U incision may be the overall better choice in avoiding neural and occipital artery injury during retrosigmoid approaches.     

Surgical outcomes in patients with mild symptoms,but severely compressed spinal cord from cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Surgical treatment is indicated in patients with moderate to severe myelopathy from cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments (OPLL), but undertaking prophylactic surgery for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with a severely compressed spinal cord is debatable.Patients with <8 mm space available in the spinal canal on CT scan, were divided into groups I (mild symptoms, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score range 15–16) and II (moderate to severe symptoms, JOA score <14). Medical charts including operative records were reviewed to obtain preoperative, perioperative, and final postoperative follow-up data.Group I included 24 patients (20 men, mean age 52.42 years), and Group II included 46 patients (33 men, mean age 54.67 years). Compared to Group II, Group I had a shorter preoperative symptom duration (19.21 vs. 38.23 months, p = 0.046) and a more favorable JOA score at final follow-up (p = 0.007). The mean numbers of OPLL-involved segments were similar (Group I 2.96, Group II 3.09; p = 0.773) as were the mean numbers of operated segments (Group I 2.71, Group II 3.35; p = 0.076). Perioperative blood loss, operation duration, and hospital stay duration were significantly more favorable in Group I than in Group II. The numbers of surgery-related complications in the two groups were similar.Early surgical treatment for a favorable neurologic recovery with a low perioperative risk can be recommended in patients with severely compressed spinal cord from cervical OPLL who present with mild arm numbness. Surgery-related complications, however, should be carefully monitored regardless of symptom severity.     

产程活跃期停滞的原因分析及其护理

目的 :探讨初产妇单胎头位活跃期停滞的原因及其护理。方法 :将 1999年—2 0 0 1年在我院分娩的单胎头位活跃期停滞的 86例初产妇作为观察组 ,随机抽取同期分娩的单胎头位产程正常的 86例初产妇作为对照组。结果 :①停滞组新生儿平均出生体重和胎头位置与正常组比较 ,结果有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;②停滞组产妇的心理状态和平均潜伏期与正常组比较 ,结果有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :在骨盆正常的情况下 ,新生儿体重、胎位异常、产妇的心理因素及潜伏期长短都与活跃期停滞有关     

The position of the anal dimple in newborns and infants with anorectal malformations and its correlation with the normal anal position

Background/purpose

The anal position index (API) defines the normal anal position as the ratio of fourchette–anal distance to fourchette–coccyx distance for females and the scrotum–anal distance to scrotum‐coccyx distance for males. In this study, measurement of the API in newborns and infants with anorectal malformations (ARM), using the center of the midline anal dimple (AD) to represent the center of the proposed neoanus, was performed to assess whether or not the AD was located in a significantly abnormal position as correlated with the normal anal position.

Biomechanical investigation of four different fixation techniques in sacrum Denis type II fracture with low bone mineral density

With increasing life expectancy, fragility fractures of the pelvic ring are seen more frequently. Although their osteosynthesis can be very challenging, specific biomechanical studies for investigation of the fixation stability are still lacking. The aim of this study was to biomechanically evaluate four different fixation methods for sacrum Denis type II fractures in osteoporotic bone. Unstable Denis type II vertical sacrum fractures were created in 16 human pelves. Their osteosynthesis was performed with one sacro‐iliac screw, posterior sacral plating, triangular fixation, or spino‐pelvic fixation. For that purpose, each pelvis was randomly assigned to two paired groups for treatment with either SI‐screw/posterior sacral plating or triangular fixation/spino‐pelvic fixation. Each hemi‐pelvis was cyclically tested under progressively increasing axial compression. Relative interfragmentary movements were investigated via optical motion tracking analysis. Axial stiffness of triangular fixation was significantly higher versus posterior sacral plating and spino‐pelvic fixation (p ≤ 0.022), but not significantly different in comparison to SI‐screw fixation (p = 0.337). Cycles to 2, 3, 5, and 8 mm fracture displacement, as well as to 3°, 5°, and 8° gap angle at the fracture site were significantly higher for triangular fixation compared to all other groups (p ≤ 0.041). Main failure mode for all osteosynthesis techniques was screw cutting through the bone, leading loss of fixation stability. From a biomechanical point of view, triangular fixation in sacrum Denis type II fractures demonstrated less interfragmentary movements and should be considered in unstable fragility fractures of the sacrum. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1624–1629, 2018.

     

鼻饲体位与方式对创伤昏迷病人胃内容物反流及误吸的影响

[目的]探讨不同鼻饲体位与方式对创伤后昏迷病人鼻饲后胃内容物反流及误吸的影响。[方法]采用正交试验设计,27例创伤后昏迷病人在不同床头高度、卧位、鼻饲速度及鼻饲量条件下,鼻饲含放射性锝的匀浆液,收集鼻饲后1h、2h、3h、4h及5h病人口咽及支气管的分泌物,测定其中的放射性计数。[结果]在不同床头高度鼻饲后1h、3h,不同卧位鼻饲后2h,不同鼻饲速度鼻饲后1h、2h,病人口咽分泌物的放射性计数差异有统计学意义;在不同床头高度鼻饲后1h、2h,不同鼻饲速度鼻饲后2h,病人支气管分泌物的放射性计数差异有统计学意义。[结论]床头抬高30度或45度、左侧卧位及鼻饲速度为10mL/min时胃内容物反流或误吸较少,而不同鼻饲量对口咽反流及误吸无明显影响。     

痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿脊神经背根病理改变与临床意义

目的研究痉挛型脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)患儿脊神经后根病理改变与临床的关系。方法选择经临床确诊的痉挛型脑瘫患儿27例,采用选择性脊神经根切断术(SPR)切断L5～S1两侧脊神经后根,对标本进行计算机辅助图象分析处理,测定各种指标与患儿Ashworth肌张力分级的关系。结果所有脑瘫患儿手术切除的脊神经后根均有不同程度的病理改变,以粗有髓神经纤维病变明显,主要为脱髓鞘病变。无髓神经纤维以其周围的雪旺氏细胞病变为主,神经受损无修复与再生。髓鞘厚度、病理改变程度与Ashworth肌张力分级正相关。结论脊神经后根的病理变化是继发性退行性改变,这种改变与Ashworth肌张力分级有关。