The Association between the Phenotype of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Blood Pressure in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome

Objective Investigate the clinical features and the blood pressure (BP) pattern of the phenotype of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in OSAHS.Methods A total of 508 Chinese adults with suspected OSAHS were referred to our sleep laboratory from October 2009 to May 2012. On the same night of polysomnography (PSG), the levels of blood pressure were measured before sleeping (bedtime BP) and immediately after waking up in the next morning (morning BP). EDS was recognized as Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)≥9. Subjects were classified into four groups based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from PSG as follows: control (simple snoring) group (control, n=104) with AHI<5; mild group (mild, n=89) with AHI≥5 and <15; moderate group (moderate, n=70) with AHI≥15 and<30; and severe group (severe, n=245) with AHI ≥30. The differences and correlations between BP and PSG parameters in EDS and non-EDS group of OSAHS patients were analyzed.Results In all subjects, ESS was positively correlated with morning diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and bedtime DBP (r=0.144, 0.102 and 0.114, respectively, each P value<0.05). In OSAHS patients, ESS was only positively correlated with morning DBP (r=0.137, P<0.05). OSAHS patients with EDS phenotype were younger and were more likely to have the symptom of waking up feeling tired (36.1% vs. 23.2%, p=0.023), who had lower MSaO2, longer SIT90 (the ratio of time of SpO2 below 90% in total sleep time) and higher DBP (bedtime as well as morning). In patients with AHI≥15, ESS was correlated positively with both bedtime and morning DBP after controlling the confounding effects of age, sex, BMI, AHI and nadir nocturnal oxygen saturation( r=0.126,0.143, respectively, both P values<0.05). And in OSAHS patients of EDS phenotype, the bedtime DBP, bedtime MAP, morning DBP, and morning MAP were 3~5 mm Hg higher than that in patients of non-EDS phenotype(P<0.05). In the moderate and severe OSAHS group, patients with EDS phenotype were younger and had a lower mean blood oxygen saturation (MSaO2), longer time of SpO2 below 90% and higher SIT90 than patients with non-EDS phenotype (P<0.05). In hypertensive OSAHS patients, patients with EDS were also younger and had higher micro-arousal index (MiI), as well as higher morning DBP, morning MAP and bedtime DBP than that in non-EDS group (P<0.05).Conclusions EDS in OSAHS patients is a special phenotype, which was characterized by younger age, higher DBP and more severe hypoxic load. This feature is mainly manifested in moderate and severe OSAHS patients. It is very important to identify the phenotype of EDS in patients with OSAHS, who may meet more benefits from effective treatment of OSAHS by correcting the intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and sleep fragmentation.     

儿童鼾症发病原因分析及手术方法改进

目的 分析儿童鼾症的常见发病原因及相应手术方法.方法 对通过询问病史、常规体查及特殊检查确诊为儿童鼾症的患儿,对以上病因所致的儿童鼾症采用相应的手术治疗,以解除患儿呼吸道阻塞.结果 82例惠儿治愈57例,占70%,好转25例,有效率100%.结论 儿童鼾症与成人在病因与治疗方法上,都不尽相同,有一定的特殊性,儿童鼾症在治疗上以手术解除上呼吸道阻塞为主,辅以射频治疗及正压通气等,预后良好.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征不同术式的选择

目的探讨治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)不同阻塞平面的不同手术方式.方法对31例鼾症病人应用多导睡眠监测仪诊断OSAHS,纤维喉镜Muller's法及X线头颅侧位测量,判断咽部不同阻塞平面.结果23例口咽部平面阻塞行悬雍垂腭咽成型术(UPPP)或改良UPPP术,显效16例,改善4例,无效3例.8例下咽部平面阻塞者行舌骨翻转术4例,显效3例,改善1例;2例行UPPP 舌骨翻转术均显效;2例行UPPP术后1～2年效果不佳,再行舌骨翻转术,1例显效,1例改善.结论对于OSAHS患者咽部不同阻塞平面,应该针对性采取不同手术方式,以求达到最佳治疗效果.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血尿酸凌晨血压的研究

目的探讨不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血尿酸、凌晨血压的变化。方法根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)将2006年4月至2007年6月在贵州省人民医院呼吸内科确诊OSAHS的134例患者分为轻、中及重度3组,同时选择23名健康正常者作为对照组,测定血尿酸及凌晨血压值。结果血尿酸值在OSAHS轻、中、重度组患者及对照组分别为(392.10±88.22)μmol/L、(460.14±118.86)μmol/L、(537.63±134.11)μmol/L、(304.36±80.12)μmol/L,四组比较差异统计学意义;OSAHS重度组与其余三组、OSAHS中度组与对照组的血压值比较,差异有统计学意义。结论OSAHS患者血清尿酸随阻塞程度增加而升高,血压出现紊乱,血尿酸升高可能为血压异常的部分原因。     

重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征多平面阻塞同期手术治疗效果评价

目的 观察存在上气道结构性狭窄的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS）鼻、口咽、喉咽多平面阻塞同期手术的治疗效果,探讨提高OSAHS疗效、减少复发的经验。方法 2008年4月—2013年12月,对21例严重OSAHS患者通过临床检查和Alice 5多导睡眠监测仪监测（PSG）,术前睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）58.8~74.0,平均67.8,SaO₂最低0.25~0.67,平均0.46,最长睡眠呼吸暂停时间52~77 s,平均63.3 s。全麻下同期完成鼻腔扩容手术、腭垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, UPPP）、腭扁桃体切除手术;颏部“开窗”、“凸”形或“梯形”截骨,前徙颏部及颏舌肌和舌骨上肌群的颏前徙术;舌骨下肌群切断、舌骨悬吊术。气管插管维持24~48 h。结果 经过8~68个月随访,21例手术创口均一期愈合,睡眠呼吸障碍症状消除或明显减轻,8例打鼾消失,13例仰卧位时仍有轻、中度鼾声,均无睡眠憋醒现象,同期颏成形患者对外形改善满意。PSG监测术后AHI10.2~24.2,平均20.3,SaO₂ 0.82~0.99,平均0.91,最长呼吸暂停时间11~35 s,平均17.9 s。结论 存在上气道结构性狭窄的重度OSAHS采取同期多平面手术治疗,可明显提高治疗效果且缩短疗程,经治病例均获得较满意疗效。     

双水平无创正压通气治疗OSAHS合并COPD的临床分析

目的：探析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并COPD患者进行双水平无创正压通气疗法的临床效果。方法方便选取入选2013年8月—2015年5月该院阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并COPD病人90例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,每组45例,实验组进行双水平无创正压通气疗法,对照组进行单水平持续正压无创正压通气疗法。结果治疗前两组患者睡眠时SaO2、呼吸暂停指数以及呼吸暂停时间均无差异（P>0.05）;治疗后实验组患者睡眠时SaO2、呼吸暂停指数以及呼吸暂停时间分别为（92.6±9.4）%、（8.4±3.1）次/h、（12.4±3.4）s,明显优于对照组的（82.2±7.6）%、（20.5±6.7）次/h、（19.5±4.7）s,两组患者差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并COPD病人进行双水平无创正压通气疗法,可促使患者临床症状和肺功能显著改善,临床效果确切,值得临床推广。     

成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征遗传流行病学研究

目的：探讨成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）发病的遗传流行病学模式和特征。方法：应用Li-Mantel-Gart法、Falconer回归法及SAGE-REGTL软件对OSAHS患者进行分离比、遗传度计算及复合分离分析。结果：OSAHS的分离比为0.168,95%可信区间为0.127-0.209。成人OSAHS先证者Ⅰ、Ⅱ级亲属遗传度分别为56.138%和25.007%,两者的加权遗传度为37.469%。复合分离分析显示孟德尔显性、隐性、加性和主基因模型假设均被接受（P〉0.05）,环境和无传递模型被拒绝（P〈0.05）;以AIC值判断,显性模型拟合程度最好。结论：遗传因素在成人OSAHS发病中占有重要作用。OS-AHS符合多基因遗传模式,存在主基因效应。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征93例治疗分析

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的治疗方法并观察治疗效果。方法选择确诊为此病的93例患儿,回顾性分析其临床症状和体征,根据患者的具体情况行扁桃体摘除术和/或经口鼻内镜引导下行腺样体吸除术。随诊6～12个月,观察患者有无术后出血、急性呼吸道梗阻、腺样体残留等并发症。结果所有患儿的病情均有不同程度的改善,如睡眠中鼾声减少、呼吸暂停消失或暂停的时间缩短。结论手术切除引起上气道阻塞的肥大扁桃体和/或腺样体是儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征有效的治疗手段之一。纤维鼻咽镜检查、鼻咽侧位X线摄片有助于手术适应证的确定。经口内镜引导下腺样体摘除术具有直视下操作、视野清晰、切除彻底、可避免损伤周围重要结构的特点。     

发作性睡病并OSAHS(附1例报道及文献复习)

目的探讨发作性睡病并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)的发病机制、临床特点及治疗。方法回顾性分析1例发作性睡病并OSAHS患者的临床表现、多导睡眠图及颅脑MRI检查,并复习相关文献。结果患者有白天过度睡眠、嗜睡猝倒发作、睡眠麻痹和睡眠幻觉,睡眠呼吸监测提示严重呼吸暂停低通气表现,颅脑MRI检查示脑内多发腔隙灶及蛛网膜囊肿。结论发作性睡病与OSAHS可能相互影响,两病共存并非罕见,应避免漏诊。     

OSAHS行UPPP术后带气管插管患者真实体验的研究

目的：深入了解和理解OSAHS患者行UPPP术后带气管插管治疗期间内心深处的感受,同时分析ICU相关应激源对其影响,以引导护理人员为患者提供全身心的护理服务。方法：运用了Edmund Husserl 观点构成的理论方法来进行,深入访谈了10例OSAHS患者。结果：通过自省、比较、创造3种原则的分析,提炼出主题：带气管插管所致的无助感、窒息感、恐惧忧虑感、疼痛及异物不适感;ICU相关应激源导致患者产生一系列的心理及精神症状;对疾病概念认识不够的影响。结论：护士应深入了解OSAHS手术患者内心深处的感受,使他们得到身心的全面照护;加强疾病相关知识的健康教育及医患沟通;提供科学化、人性化的ICU护理单元。