破骨细胞骨吸收的分子机制

破骨细胞性骨吸收是在骨的微环境内进行的复杂分子生物学反应过程,涉及到众多蛋白质和调控因子的参与。有关破骨细胞的活化,骨基质的吸收,骨吸收的调控等方面,现有的数据还不够充分。本文综述了金属基质蛋白酶(M atrix m eta lloprote inases,MM P s)在破骨细胞移行和骨基质吸收方面的重要作用,以及破骨细胞分化因子(R eceptor activator of NF-κB-ligand,RANKL)和护骨素(O steoprotegerin,OPG)在骨吸收调控网络中的地位。     

Inhibition of RANKL blocks skeletal tumor progression and improves survival in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis

Bone metastases cause severe skeletal morbidity including fractures and hypercalcemia. Tumor cells in bone induce activation of osteoclasts, which mediate bone resorption and release of growth factors from bone matrix, resulting in a “vicious cycle” of bone breakdown and tumor proliferation. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast formation, function, and survival, and is blocked by a soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). In human malignancies that metastasize to bone, dysregulation of the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway can increase the RANKL:OPG ratio, a condition which favors excessive osteolysis. In a mouse model of bone metastasis, RANKL protein levels in MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) tumor-bearing bones were significantly higher than tumor-free bones. The resulting tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis was dose-dependently inhibited by recombinant OPG-Fc treatment, supporting the essential role for RANKL in this process. Using bioluminescence imaging in a mouse model of metastasis, we monitored the anti-tumor efficacy of RANKL inhibition on MDA-231 human breast cancer cells in a temporal manner. Treatment with OPG-Fc in vivo inhibited growth of MDA-231 tumor cells in bony sites when given both as a preventative (dosed day 0) and as a therapeutic agent for established bone metastases (dosed day 7). One mechanism by which RANKL inhibition reduced tumor burden appears to be indirect through inhibition of the “vicious cycle” and involved an increase in tumor cell apoptosis, as measured by active caspase-3. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that OPG-Fc treatment of mice with established bone metastases resulted in an overall improvement in survival.     

TNFRSF11B gene polymorphisms 1181G > C and 245T > G as well as haplotype CT influence bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Objectives

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits osteoclast function by acting as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), thus being an important candidate gene for osteoporosis. Three recent genome-wide association studies also identified the TNFRSF11B gene, coding for OPG, as playing a key role in bone mineral density (BMD) regulation. As variations in the TNFRSF11B gene could alter the susceptibility to osteoporosis, the aim of study was to investigate association of two TNFRSF11B gene polymorphisms with BMD and serum OPG concentration in postmenopausal women.

Study design

478 postmenopausal women were genotyped for the presence of TNFRSF11B gene polymorphisms 245T > G (rs3134069) and 1181G > C (rs2073618). BMDs and serum OPG concentrations were measured.

Results

Two common haplotypes GT and CT occurred in 41.2% and 52.4% of subjects. In osteoporotic postmenopausal women, lumbar spine BMD was associated with polymorphisms 245T > G and 1181G > C, as well as with CT haplotype (p values 0.013, 0.006 and 0.006, respectively). Additionally, femoral neck BMD showed the association with 245T > G (p = 0.047). No other statistically significant associations with BMD were found for the studied SNPs and haplotypes. No association with serum OPG concentration was shown in any of the studied groups.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that, in postmenopausal osteoporosis, polymorphisms 245T > G and 1181G > C, as well as haplotype CT in TNFRSF11B gene influence BMD.     

补骨脂提取物干预骨质疏松模型大鼠骨密度及骨生物力学的变化

文题释义： RANKL/OPG通路：核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB Ligand,RANKL)/骨保护蛋白在维持成骨与破骨的动态平衡,调节骨代谢功能方面发挥着重要作用。RANKL 可与破骨细胞前体细胞膜表面的核因子κB受体活化因子结合,促进破骨细胞分化和激活,抑制其凋亡,最终促进骨吸收;骨保护蛋白作为RANKL的天然抗体,可与RANKL直接结合,竞争性抑制核因子κB受体活化因子与其的结合,进而抑制破骨细胞分化、成熟,最终抑制骨吸收。生理状态下,体内RANKL与骨保护蛋白的表达保持一定的比例,若二者表达比例失衡,则会造成骨代谢紊乱,导致骨相关疾病发生。 骨生物力学：是骨组织在外力作用下的力学生物学效应,对其进行检测可直接评价骨质量,是评价各种治疗骨丢失措施的最佳方案,其检测指标包括弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷等。 背景：地塞米松作为一种糖皮质激素,长期应用会破坏成骨与破骨的动态平衡,降低骨密度,损伤骨生物力学,调控核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)/骨保护蛋白通路可能影响地塞米松诱导的骨质疏松症大鼠骨密度及骨生物力学。 目的：探讨基于RANKL/骨保护蛋白通路研究补骨脂提取物对地塞米松诱导骨质疏松症大鼠骨密度及骨生物力学的影响。 方法：SPF级Wistar大鼠肌肉注射地塞米松,建立骨质疏松大鼠模型。选择1×10⁷ TU/mL浓度的慢病毒载体进行实验。将模型大鼠随机分为模型组、空载组(空慢病毒载体)、骨保护蛋白沉默组(含骨保护蛋白基因干扰片段的慢病毒载体)、补骨脂提取物组、补骨脂提取物+骨保护蛋白沉默组,每组12只,另取12只正常大鼠设为对照组。药物处理后,采用骨密度仪测定大鼠左侧股骨骨密度,采用力学实验测试机测定大鼠右侧股骨生物力学指标弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷,测定大鼠股骨骨矿物盐含量,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中RANKL、骨保护蛋白水平,蛋白免疫印迹法检测骨组织中RANKL、骨保护蛋白表达水平。实验方案经青海大学医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号为2017081501) 结果与结论：①大鼠骨密度、弹性模量、最大载荷、屈服载荷、骨矿物盐含量、血清中骨保护蛋白水平、骨组织中骨保护蛋白表达：模型组较对照组降低,骨保护蛋白沉默组较模型组降低,补骨脂提取物组较模型组升高,补骨脂提取物+骨保护蛋白沉默组较骨保护蛋白沉默组升高,较补骨脂提取物组降低(均P < 0.05);②大鼠血清中RANKL水平、骨组织中RANKL蛋白表达结果显示,模型组较对照组升高;骨保护蛋白沉默组较模型组升高,补骨脂提取物组较模型组降低,补骨脂提取物+骨保护蛋白沉默组较骨保护蛋白沉默组降低,较补骨脂提取物组升高(均P < 0.05);③模型组与空载组两组间各指标比较无明显变化(P > 0.05);④结果说明,补骨脂提取物可提高地塞米松诱导骨质疏松症大鼠的骨密度,改善其骨生物力学,可能是通过上调骨保护蛋白表达,下调RANKL表达实现的。 ORCID: 0000-0001-9896-6214(周倚墨) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Regulatory effects of osteoprotegerin on cellular and humoral immune responses

The interaction between receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and RANK has been reported to regulate immunity in addition to bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine if osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of the RANKL-RANK interaction and possibly a new drug against osteoporosis, would adversely affect immunity. OPG was used to treat mice developing different models of cellular and humoral immune responses and also in vitro in T and B cell assays. In mice, OPG does not affect cell-mediated reactions such as contact hypersensitivity to the hapten oxazolone and liver damage, granuloma formation, and infectious load induced by mycobacterial infection. However, OPG increases humoral reactions such as the production of IgM, IgG, and IgE against the T cell dependent antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin and the production of IgM against the T cell independent antigen Pneumovax. In vitro, OPG modestly co-stimulates T cells but does not affect the proliferation of B cells. OPG has modest immunoregulatory effects that seem to be confined to the humoral response to specific antigens.     

RANKL/OPG比值变化在根尖肉芽肿骨质破坏中的意义

目的 检测核因子kappa B受体活化因子配体（RANKL）和骨保护素（OPG）的蛋白表达,探讨RANKL/OPG比值在根尖肉芽肿骨质破坏中的意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学技术检测30例慢性根尖肉芽肿和10例健康牙周膜组织中RANKL和OPG的表达.分析RANKL/OPG比值与炎症浸润、骨质破坏及临床症状之间的关系.结果 与正常对照组相比,根尖肉芽肿病损组织中的RANKL蛋白表达和RANKL/OPG比值显著升高（P＜0.05）.RANKL和OPG的蛋白表达无相关性（P＞0.05）.与小病损相比,RANKL/OPG比值在大病损中显著升高（P＜0.05）.RANKL/OPG比值与病损炎症浸润程度和有无临床症状均无关（P＞0.05）.结论 RANKL/OPG比值与根尖肉芽肿的病损大小密切相关,提示RANKL和OPG在根尖肉芽肿骨质破坏进程中发挥重要作用.     

三七总皂苷干预股骨头缺血性坏死兔成骨细胞护骨素基因的表达*

背景：前期研究已明确三七总皂苷能抑制乙醇诱导的兔骨髓基质干细胞成脂分化。 目的：进一步观察三七总皂苷对兔成骨细胞的增殖和分化以及骨保护素、细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体mRNA表达的影响。 方法：白酒灌胃4周制备新西兰兔股骨头缺血坏死模型,随机分为生理盐水组、复方骨肽组和三七总皂苷组。通过组织块培养法提取各组兔成骨细胞,检测细胞的分化,骨保护素、细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体基因表达情况,检测各目的基因杂交信号的强弱。 结果与结论：三七总皂苷组兔碱性磷酸酶活性、钙结节计数及骨保护素、细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体的表达强度、骨保护素mRNA/细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体mRNA均高于生理盐水组(P < 0.01);与复方骨肽组效果接近。证实三七总皂苷能够促进兔成骨细胞的增殖和分化,并能提高成骨细胞的骨保护素mRNA的相对表达量而对其细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体mRNA有抑制作用。     

rhIGF-1对成骨细胞增殖、分化及骨保护素、骨保护素配体基因mRNA表达的影响

目的 观察不同剂量rhIGF-1对成骨细胞增殖，分化及骨保护素，骨保护素配体mRNA基因表达的影响，为明确骨保护素，骨保护素配体在骨质疏松症发病的作用机理及rhIGF-1在临床中应用提供实验依据。方法 取2代培养的大鼠成骨细胞，在rhIGF-1为0ng/ml,10ng/ml,20ng/ml,50ng/ml的浓度中培养。观察细胞的生长及钙结节的形成，MTT法，碱性磷酸酶（ALP），骨钙素（OCN）测定细胞增殖和分化，RT－PCR测定rhIGF-1对成骨细胞骨保护素，骨保护素配体基因mRNA表达的影响。结果 成骨细胞在7d可铺满瓶壁，30d可形成钙结节，rhIGF-1可促进成骨细胞的增殖，ALP和OGN的分泌，促进骨保护素，骨保护素配体基因的表达，以促进骨保护素表达明显，在rhIGF-1为10ng/ml时作用明显。结论 rhIGF-1可促进大鼠成骨细胞的增殖，分化，及骨保护素，骨保护素配体基因mRNA的表达，骨保护素mRNA表达显。rhIGF-1可能通过影响骨保护素，骨保护素配体而调节成骨细胞破骨细胞的平衡，使骨重建，从而防治骨质疏松症。     

淫羊藿苷对人成骨细胞增殖及OPG蛋白表达的实验研究

目的：建立体外培养人成骨细胞系,观察淫羊藿苷对人成骨细胞增殖的影响,以及对人成骨细胞内骨保护素（Osteoprorotegerin,OPG）蛋白表达的影响,探讨淫羊藿苷促进人成骨细胞骨形成的可能作用机制。方法：将手术中取得的人股骨头松质骨骨片,使用酶消化法进行培养,取生长良好的第3代人成骨细胞进行实验。实验分为4组,对照组给予15%NCS-DMEM-F12（1：1）培养液培养;淫羊藿苷组分别于正常培养液内添加终浓度为10-6、10-8、10-10mol/L淫羊藿苷。噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）分别在培养1、3、5、7、9d后观察各组人成骨细胞的增殖情况,用蛋白免疫印迹方法（in-cell western blot）测定各组培养8、10、12d后人成骨细胞内OPG蛋白的表达情况。采用重复测量的方差分析方法,比较各组间在不同时间点的作用差异。结果：MTT结果,淫羊藿苷组具有促进人成骨细胞增殖的作用,并呈明显的量效关系,即随着淫羊藿苷浓度的增高,其促人成骨细胞增殖的能力增强,以10-6mol/L淫羊藿苷组（0.402±0.033）促成骨细胞增殖的作用最显著,与对照组（0.268±0.031）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在时效关系的研究中,随着培养天数的延长,人成骨细胞的量逐渐增加,人成骨细胞于第5天时进入快速生长期,第7天进入平台期;淫羊藿苷组从第5天开始促进人成骨细胞的增殖,第7、9天仍然具有明显的促成骨细胞增殖的作用,以第9天促增殖作用最强。其中,第9天10-6mol/L淫羊藿苷组（0.402±0.033）与对照组（0.268±0.031）比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。OPG表达结果,对照组人成骨细胞培养至第8天时检测到OPG蛋白的表达,表达量为1.01±0.08,第12天达到表达高峰为1.80±0.10,两个值比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;在观察的不同天数内,不同浓度的淫羊藿苷组人成骨细胞内OPG蛋白表达低于对照组,且随着淫羊藿苷浓度的降低,OPG蛋白的表达量逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;干预12d,10-6mol/L淫羊藿苷组OPG量（1.67±0.13）和10-8mol/L淫羊藿苷组OPG量（1.64±0.05）比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：淫羊藿苷促人成骨细胞骨形成能力的作用途径之一,是通过提高人成骨细胞的增殖能力而实现。