A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae)

Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), a popular plant in traditional medicine, is indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho, southern Namibia and southeastern Botswana. It is chemically, genetically and geographically extremely variable and has been divided into three subspecies and several regional forms. A second species, Sutherlandia tomentosa, is localized along the Cape coast. Sutherlandia is sometimes treated as part of the genus Lessertia. There are numerous vernacular names and a wide diversity of uses, including poor appetite, indigestion, stomach complaints, dysentery, colds, influenza, kidney conditions, fever, diabetes, internal cancers, uterine troubles, liver conditions, backache, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tract infections, stress and anxiety, dropsy and heart failure. Notable is the use as a bitter tonic ("blood purifier"), anti-stress medication ('musa-pelo) and, at least since 1895, specifically as a cancer tonic (both as treatment and as prophylaxis). Externally it is applied to haemorrhoids, inflamed wounds and eye infections. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown antiproliferative, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-stress, anticonvulsant and antithrombotic activities. Aqueous extracts often differ in activity from organic solvent extracts. The presence of high levels of free amino acids, non-protein amino acids such as canavanine and GABA, the cyclitol pinitol, flavonols and triterpenes (including SU1, a cycloartane-type triterpene saponin) provide plausible hypotheses on how these compounds, individually or collectively, may be responsible for the reputed efficacy in a wide range of ailments. Results of animal studies, as well as a phase I clinical study, have shown no indications of toxicity. Sufficient preclinical data are now available to justify controlled clinical studies.     

扶芳藤化学成分研究

目的：对扶芳藤的化学成分进行研究。方法：乙醇提取,硅胶柱色谱分离,葡聚糖色谱纯化,核磁、质谱、紫外、红外光谱及理化常数鉴定结构。结果：从氯仿提取液中分离鉴定了6个化合物,分别为刺苞木脂素A(1),3-O-咖啡酰基白桦酯醇(Ⅰ),3-O-咖啡酰基羽扇豆醇(Ⅱ),丁香脂素(Ⅳ),1,4-二羟基-2-甲氧基苯(Ⅴ),胡萝卜苷(Ⅵ)。结论：6个化合物均为首次从该植物中获得,而且化合物(Ⅰ)为新化合物。     

巯基化合物对毒鼠强急性中毒小鼠的保护作用

目的：探讨巯基化合物对毒鼠强急性中毒小鼠的解毒作用。方法：通过小鼠急性毒性实验,观察多种巯基化合物的解毒作用。结果：巯基化合物能不同程度地延长毒鼠强中毒小鼠的惊厥潜伏期及死亡时间,二巯丙磺纳及二巯丁二纳还可明显降低中毒小鼠死亡率。结论：二巯丙磺纳和二巯丁二钠对毒鼠强中毒小鼠有明显的保护作用,尤以二巯丙磺钠为最佳（Ｐ〈０．００１）。     

新型联萘酚杂化介孔硅胶的制备及其性能研究

利用3-异氰基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(ICPTES)与联萘二酚合成联萘酚单硅酯,首次在酸性条件下利用联萘酚单硅酯与1,2-三乙氧基硅基乙烷(BTSE)作为共同硅源,以阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物P123为共模板剂,合成出粒径3~5 μm,平均孔径约5 nm的新型联萘酚杂化介孔硅胶。应用于联萘类衍生物的分离研究,结果显示该固定相机械强度较好,在15 min内对5种联萘类衍生物能够达到基线分离,并且对联萘类衍生物的分离性能优于商品化硅胶柱。     

不同致癌能力镍化合物的致突变效应

Ni_3S_2,NiSA,NiSC,NiSO_4与NiCl_2等五种镍合物是具有不同致癌能力的化合物。在V_(79)细胞株基因突变试验系统中,这五类化合物能诱发HGPGT 与Na/k ATP ase 酶位点突变,其强弱程度与在动物致癌试验结果所见是一致的。提示这些镍化合物可能是通过致突变机制作用的致癌物。亦可以利用基因突变试验来预测其致癌性。这五种镍化合物可在V_(79)细胞株和SHE 细胞诱发SCE 与微核形成,但其作用强弱与其致癌能力不相一致。表明利用这类试验预测镍化合物的致癌性是不适宜的。     

Bee Products as Interesting Natural Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Common Cardiovascular Diseases

Apitherapy is a form of alternative therapy that relies on the use of bee products, i.e., honey, royal jelly, propolis, pollen, and bee venom (known as apitoxin), for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that these products may be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This mini-review of papers identified in various electronic databases describes new aspects of the bioactivity of certain bee products, viz. bee pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis, and bee bread, as natural interesting products for the prevention and treatment of common CVDs.     

Toxicity of Organotin Compounds to Activated Sludge

Inhibition of respiration rate of activated sludge heterotrophic microorganisms was determined for tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), and triphenyltin (TPhT). TBT, DBT, and TPhT exhibit similar acute toxicity to activated sludge, while MBT is less toxic. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as sludge age, concentrations of suspended solids, and exposure time, on toxicity was investigated. An increase in sludge age or in the concentration of suspended solids reduces the observed inibition. Longer exposure seems to increase the inhibition of TBT, DBT, and TPhT during the first hours of exposure, while later the inhibition remains constant. In the case of MBT, 24 h after exposure, the respiration rate was similar to that of the control biomass.     

胃癌危险性不同人群膳食硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C摄入量

本文研究福建省长乐县胃癌危险性不同的人群膳食硝酸盐(NO_3~-)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~-)及维生素C摄入量。胃癌死亡率较高的漳港乡居民NO_3~-摄入量(132.75mg/日)明显高于死亡率居中的首占乡(84.65mg/日)(P<0.05),但与死亡率较低的梅花乡(113.12mg/日)无显著性差异。NO_2~-摄入量漳港乡显著高于首占乡和梅花乡(3.36mg/日对0.21和0.73mg/日)(P<0.01)。首占乡居民维生素C摄入量(56.13mg/日)明显低于漳港乡(123.09mg/日)和梅花乡(105.90mg/日)(P<0.01)。维生素C摄入量与NO_2~-摄入量的摩尔比值三个乡分别为3.22、3.30和4.33,与胃癌死亡率呈相反平行关系。结果提示:NO_3~-和NO_2~-可能是该地区胃癌高发的因素之一。     

Ancient apple varieties from Croatia as a source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds

Several ancient apple varieties and a wild apple variety grown in Croatia were analysed for the polyphenol content and compared to two varieties grown in USA. In the flesh, flavanols, dihydrochalcones and phenolic acids (24 to 137, 23 to 109, 3 to 238 mg kg⁻¹ of fresh weight (FW), respectively) were found. Peel contained flavanols, dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins (65 to 690, 21 to 141, 0 to 107, 205 to 1223, 0 to 213 mg kg⁻¹ FW, respectively). The wild apple was characterized by much higher flavanol and phenolic acid content in the flesh (301 and 734 mg kg⁻¹ FW, respectively) while the peel was similar to other apples. The polyphenol profile was similar to apples from USA. The varieties Zimnjara, Lještarka and Adamova zvijezda could be highlighted as sources of polyphenols. Varieties are categorized by the content of dihydrochalcones and flavanols in the flesh (whether that content is high or low), and by the relative portion of phenolic acids and flavanols in the flesh (high phenolic acid proportion, lower flavanol proportion and vice versa). There was not observed to be as strong a pattern for categorizing differences in the peel.