Erratum: Mechanical tissue optical clearing technique increases imaging resolution and contrast through Ex vivo porcine skin

Background and Objectives

Mechanical tissue optical clearing permits light delivery deeper into turbid tissue, which may improve current optical diagnostics and laser‐based therapeutic techniques. We investigated the effects of localized compression on brightfield imaging through ex vivo porcine skin by evaluating resolution and contrast of a target positioned beneath native, mechanically compressed, or chemically cleared specimens. We also evaluated the effects of indentation on dynamic tissue thickness and light transmission.

Study Design/Methods

A 5 mm diameter, hemispherically tipped, manual load transducer was used to compress specimens using 2–44 N for 60 seconds. Chemically cleared specimens were immersed for 1 hour in glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide. A USAF 1951 resolution target was positioned beneath specimens and imaged using brightfield microscopy. Resolution and contrast of target features were analyzed. In separate experiments, a mechanical test instrument was used to compress and hold specimens at a final thickness while measuring applied load and light transmission.

Results

Image intensity profiles showed that while uncompressed skin did not allow resolution of any target, localized compression allowed maximum resolution (least line width) of 173 ± 21 µm. Mechanical clearing achieved up to four times higher maximum resolution and 2–3 times higher contrast sensitivity than chemical immersion. Resolving capability was highly correlated with compressive tissue strain. Light transmission increased during tissue compression, but also increased while holding final thickness constant.

Conclusion

Localized compression is an effective technique for increasing resolution and contrast of target features through tissue and may improve light‐based diagnostics. Thickness reduction and other mechanisms appear to contribute to this effect. Lasers Surg. Med. 43: 814–823, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Technical and Imaging Report: Fluoroscopic Guidance for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Synovial Cyst

Lumbar synovial cysts can be a source of low back pain with or without radiculopathy depending upon the size and location of the mass. Options for treatment range from analgesics to surgery, depending upon the degree of nerve root or spinal cord impingement. Attempts at minimally invasive treatment such as computed tomography‐assisted aspiration and cyst rupture are documented in the radiology literature with varying degrees of reported success. This case report is the first to document the fluoroscopically‐guided management of a lumbar synovial cyst in the pain medicine literature and highlights the knowledge and technical skills required when treating such cases.     

全口超声龈下刮治两次法对轻中度慢性牙周炎老年患者的近期疗效观察

目的:观察全口超声龈下刮治两次法对轻中度牙周炎的治疗效果。方法:按病例纳入标准选择年龄60岁以上、轻中度牙周炎患者42例,经口腔卫生宣教、超声龈上洁治术后,进行基线检查:牙龈出血指数(GBI),探针出血(BOP)阳性位点,牙周探诊深度(PD)及附着水平(AL),然后进行两次全口超声龈下刮治。术后1个月、3个月复查。所得数据进行配对t检验,统计学分析各临床指标治疗前后的变化。结果:术后1个月的PD由治疗前平均3.18 mm减少至平均2.45 mm(P<0.05),附着水平由平均4.51 mm提高至平均3.34mm(P<0.05),术后3个月的PD及AL分别为2.37 mm(P<0.05)及3.27 mm(P<0.05)。GBI术前平均为3.17,术后一个月及三个月分别减少至1.67(P<0.05)及1.82(P<0.05)。BOP阳性率由术前的37.2%,在术后一个月及三个月分别下降至13.2%(P<0.05)和16.8%(P<0.05)。结论:全口超声龈下刮治两次法短期可改善老年轻中度牙周炎患者的牙龈出血及附着水平,牙周袋探诊深度也有减少的趋势,同时相对于传统的分区龈下刮治及根面平整术,可减少患者复诊次数。     

Anatomical and surgical study of volume determination of the anterolateral epidural space nerve root L5/S1 under the aspect of epidural perineural injection in minimal invasive treatment of lumbar nerve root compression

Herniated intervertebral disc causes in a great number of cases of lumbar nerve root compression, especially in the segment L5/S1. Other reasons responsible for stress to the lumbar spinal root are the spinal canal stenosis and the postdiscotomy syndrome. For patients without neurological deficiencies, the conservative treatment includes different epidural injection techniques. Steroids are often applied. A specific injection technique needing only a small drug amount is the epidural perineural approach using a special two-needle technique. The anatomical spaces of the nerve roots have received little attention in therapy. We have determined the anterolateral epidural space nerve volume of the nerve root L5/S1, and compared the data collected in an anatomical study with operative measurements during discectomy. The volume determination in the human cadavers was performed with liquid silicone filling the anterolateral space after dissection. The in vivo measurements were performed during surgery at the site of the anterolateral space after discectomy. The anatomical studies showed us a mean value volume of 1.1 ml. The surgical volume determinations result in a mean volume of 0.9 ml. A better understanding of the anterolateral epidural space may allow a reduction of the injection volume in the conservative nerve root compression treatment, especially using the epidural perineural technique, avoiding the risk of side effects of high doses of steroids.     

太子参食用开发的初步论证研究

目的探讨太子参食用的可行性。方法通过对太子参应用历史,与党参、人参的区别,社会人群中的食用状况及其主要成分分析,探讨其食用的可行性。结果①从药食同源上溯本求源,太子参自古就有作为健体养身应用的例证。②太子参与人参、党参虽同为常见的补益中药,但它们的生物归属不同,功效特点不同,太子参的功效补益且温和。③太子参的主要化学成分为糖类、氨基酸类、脂肪酸类、微量元素等,符合食品应当有的营养要求。④社会人群太子参食用的认知度较高,作为养生食用普遍,并非限于局部区域。结论太子参作为食用开发是可行的,但应实行安全性评估。     

Analysis of resin tags formation in root canal dentine: a cross sectional study

Aim  To evaluate the length, density and quality of resin tags formed by penetration of various types of adhesive systems into dentinal tubules at various cross section levels of the root canal in correlation to the density of dentinal tubules.
Methodology  Thirty mandibular premolars were instrumented and fibre posts were inserted with three different adhesive systems with and without activator: etch & rinse XP Bond and XP Bond/Self Cure Activator; self-etch (two-step) AdheSE and AdheSE/AdheSE DC Activator and self-etch (one-step) Hybrid Bond and Hybrid Bond/Hybrid Brushes. The resin tags were evaluated from slices obtained from sections perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the root apex under a Confocal Laser Scanning microscope.
Results  In all groups, lack of continuity of resin tag length, density and quality was observed not only from the cervical to the apical region of each root canal, but also in a mesio-distal direction to the long axis of the root. Application of etch & rinse adhesive in contrast to the self-etch adhesives provided the formation of the shorter, but considerably denser, more homogeneous and not interrupted resin tags with similar length. Use of the activator for all types of adhesives significantly increased the completeness ( P  = 0.014) and continuity ( P  = 0.024) of resin tags.
Conclusions  None of the investigated adhesives were able to completely infiltrate the dentinal tubules in the entire root canal. Use of the etch & rinse adhesive system and the activators significantly increased the density and the quality of resin tags.     

Treatment and outcome of neuroblastoma with intraspinal extension: A systematic review

We performed a systematic review to define the long‐term health problems and optimal treatment strategy for patients with neuroblastoma with intraspinal extension. Of 685 identified studies, 28 were included in this review. The burden of long‐term health problems is high; a median of 50% of patients suffered from neurological motor deficit, 34% from sphincter dysfunction, and 30% from spinal deformity. The currently available literature remains suboptimal as a guide for treatment of NBL with intraspinal extension. More well‐designed, prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategy.     

根管治疗术一次法治疗牙髓病的临床效果观察

目的 观察评价根管治疗术一次法治疗牙髓病的临床效果.方法 采用根管治疗术一次法和多次法治疗牙髓病,术后1周内、3个月复查,观察术后反应情况,评价临床效果.结果 实验组患者的术后反应较小,在近期效果方面比较,实验组明显优于对照组（P＜0.01）;3个月的临床成功率,两者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 根管治疗术一次法治疗牙髓病的术后反应较小,临床效果好,患者痛苦小,减少了患者的就诊次数,值得临床推广.