北京、河北、吉林、贵州571名居民铁强化酱油需求调查

目的了解乙二胺四乙酸铁钠（NaFeEDTA）强化酱油在我国不同地区的可接受性和需求，以及人们对铁元素营养知识和铁缺乏的认识情况。方法采用自行设计的结构问卷在北京、河北、吉林、贵州4省市进行了571位居民的问卷调查，调查采用调查员指导下自填和由调查员访谈的形式进行。结果4个地区的居民对铁强化酱油了解均较少，知识总平均得分6．4（总分11，北京6．9、河北7．6、吉林6．4、贵州4．9）。居民对铁强化酱油报以犹豫怀疑的购买倾向，4个地区购买意向总平均分15．4（分值范围6～29，得分越低购买意向越强，北京16．6、河北15．1、吉林15．5、贵州14．5）。在铁缺乏认知、铁强化酱油接受程度、市场需求等方面存在显著的地区差异，北京最高，贵州最低。知识水平、消费观念、收入水平影响着铁强化酱油的推广。结论应该结合不同地区的实际情况因地制宜地开展铁强化酱油宣传推广和干预。     

现代护士的素质需求

中国加入WTO后，给卫生服务部门提供了新的发展和机遇，同时也不可避免地带来了巨大冲击。护理人员作为医院的重要成员，同样也面临着机遇和挑战应当抓住机遇，迎接挑战。如何使护理人员在挑战中立于不败之地，适应现代护理需要，这是我们需要思索和探讨的问题。     

Patterns and characteristics of ambulance attendance at heroin overdose at a local-area level in Melbourne,Australia: Implications for service provision

The monitoring of heroin use and related harms is undertaken in Australia with a view to inform policy responses. Some surveillance data on heroin-related harms is well suited to inform the planning and delivery of heroin-related services, such as needle and syringe provision. This article examines local-area variation in the characteristics of nonfatal heroin overdoses attended by ambulances in Melbourne over the period June 1998 to October 2000 to inform the delivery of services to the heroin-using population in Melbourne. Five so-called hot spot local government areas were considered in relation to the remainder of the Melbourne metropolitan area. Significant local-area variations in the characteristics of nonfatal heroin overdoses were evident over the study period, including the number of heroin overdoses, the age and sex of the people attended, the time of the attendance, the likelihood of hospitalization, and the likelihood of police coattendance. The implications of the finding are discussed in terms of service provision (e.g., opening hours) within the five hot spot local government areas, and it is argued that the analyses undertaken could easily be applied to other jurisdictions for which comparable data are available.     

医学生的心理需要及管理对策

需要 ,作为个人和社会活动永恒的原始动因 ,在唯物史观的创立过程中、在马克思主义哲学体系中 ,都具有重要的地位和作用。长期以来 ,人们对需要并没有给予应有的重视 ,尤其是在做学生思想教育工作时 ,往往存在着重视从“思想”出发 ,忽视从“需要”出发的错误倾向。笔者结合医学生的特点 ,拟对医学生的心理需要作一探讨 ,目的皆在探索一套对医学生行之有效的医德教育及管理方法     

Orthodontic treatment need in Egyptian schoolchildren

The aim of this study was to assess the orthodontic treatment need and prevalence of malocclusion in 11–15-years-old Egyptian schoolchildren using the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). A further aim was to compare the results with those from other populations matched for gender and age. The study followed the World Health Organization recommendations for oral health surveys. The sample comprised 1,464 schoolchildren (720 males and 744 females) who had not undergone orthodontic treatment, divided into two groups: 719 from 11–<13-years-old and 745 from 13–15-years-old, out of a representative sample of the school population of Mansoura Community. The IOTN results were analyzed with regard to gender using the Chi-square test. Orthodontic treatment need, using the DHC, was found in 21.5 per cent of the 11–<13-years-old and in 18.1 per cent of the 13–15-years-old; and with the AC, in 5.1 and 3.7 per cent, respectively. Considering the total sample, 19.8 and 4.4 per cent of the schoolchildren had a definite treatment need according to IOTN DHC and IOTN AC respectively. No gender dependent differences were found. It can be concluded that Egyptian orthodontic treatment need is similar to that reported in most recent studies; with approximately one in five to six children with an orthodontic treatment need.     

Knowledge,beliefs and behavior related to oral health among Tanzanian and Ugandan teacher trainees

This study was designed to assess levels of oral health knowledge, beliefs and self-reported behavior among teacher trainees in Uganda and Tanzania. Anonymous questionnaire data were collected from trainees attending the final year at teacher training colleges in Rungwe district, Tanzania, in 1997, and in Mbale and Kampala districts of Uganda, in 1998. A total of 195 trainees from Tanzania and 225 trainees from Uganda participated. Results from Pearson's χ² test and independent sample t tests indicated that Tanzanian students had less experience with oral impairments, were more resolutely prepared to teach about the importance of personal habits for oral health maintenance, and had higher levels of oral health knowledge than Ugandan students. Ugandan students endorsed frequent consumption of sugar products more often than their Tanzanian counterparts, but they were more diligent in visiting dentists. Most of the Tanzanian (97.4%) and Ugandan (95.6%) students reported daily toothbrushing. In both countries, beliefs about the importance of preventive behaviors for oral health were closely related to the frequency with which such habits occurred. This cross-cultural consistency highlights the importance of cognitive factors. The implications for oral health educational programs among teacher trainees across East African countries are discussed.

     

Retrospective study of eligibility for orthognathic surgery using the Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN)

To assess the functional needs of orthognathic patients who had been accepted for treatment by Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand, we made a retrospective assessment of 80 consecutive patients using the Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN). Eligibility was based on the Severity and Outcome Index (SOI) score of ≤3 derived from seven lateral cephalometric measurements (three skeletal, three dental, and one soft tissue), which made allowances for asymmetrical or reported important functional issues. The IOFTN grades 4 or 5 indicated “great” or “very great” need for treatment, and we also used a self-reported oral health-related quality of life (QoL) questionnaire (OHIP-14). Sixty-eight patients were considered eligible using the SOI, and 71 when the IOFTN was used. Eight who were eligible using the SOI would not have been eligible using the IOFTN while 11 who were not considered eligible using the SOI scored ≥4 using the IOFTN. However, when it was compared with the SOI, the IOFTN tended to underscore those patients who were Class III/skeletal 3 with reverse overjets of <3 mm and with no reported functional difficulties, while it tended to overscore Class II/skeletal 2 patients with overjets ≥6 mm. We found no association found between the OHIP-14 and the SOI or the IOFTN. Further investigations are required to clarify functional difficulties that are applicable to the IOFTN grading, and to find out the most appropriate self-reported, oral-health-related QoL measure(s) to complement the use of the IOFTN.     

Examining the Effects of Art Therapy on Reoccurring Tobacco Use in a Taiwanese Youth Population: A Mixed-Method Study

Background: Cigarette smoking is a primary risk factor affecting mental and physical health worldwide. Many chronic diseases are closely related to smoking. Adolescents in Taiwan are increasingly using tobacco, especially in rural areas. Objectives: This research project used a mixed-method study to examine the effects of art therapy on smoking cessation in rural Taiwanese youth smokers. Methods: Participants from years 10–11, were drawn from three senior high schools in Taiwan. The experimental group participated in a six-week smoking cessation intervention using art therapy. The comparison group participated in typical courses on smoking cessation. Quantitative measures included need for smoking, nicotine dependence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and smoking cessation status. Qualitative analysis was based on phenomenology. Results: A total of 66 students (n = 40 experimental group; n = 26 comparison group) were the subjects of quantitative analysis. No differences were noted in baseline characteristics of groups. Generalized estimating equation analyses suggested significant between-group differences in change from pre- to follow-up test scores in the “social domain” (B = ?5.12, p < 0.05). Qualitative data (n = 17 experimental group; n = 10 control group) suggested three domains: effects of art therapy on smoking prevention, benefits of art therapy on other outcome measures, and comparison between art therapy and traditional smoking cessation programs. Conclusions/importance: The findings of this study can potentially contribute significantly to existing knowledge regarding the perceptions of art therapy on reoccurring tobacco use in Taiwanese youth.     

北京市朝阳区人感染H7N9禽流感防控能力与信息需求现况

目的了解北京市朝阳区人感染H7N9禽流感防控的相关知识、行为以及需求情况,为疫情防控工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样的方法,对朝阳区60岁以上老年人、中学生家长、中小学生共计1 241人开展问卷调查。结果学生家长群体除＂尚不能人际传播＂方面外,人感染H7N9禽流感防控知识知晓率均高于老年人和学生群体。出现人感染H7N9禽流感疫情后,洗手习惯改变比以前多的占79.21%,90.24%的人不紧张或者有点紧张。最希望了解人感染H7N9禽流感的内容排序前5位的是：最新疫情动态（18.64%）、个人预防措施（17.07%）、政府防控举措（16.10%）、疫苗进展（13.72%）和病毒变化（11.76%）。结论加强H7N9传播途径,尤其是尚不能人际传播特点的宣传,应是防控工作的要点,后期应根据需求开展信息宣传。     

Different sides of the same coin? Intercorrelations of cognitive biases in schizophrenia

Introduction. A number of cognitive biases have been associated with delusions in schizophrenia. It is yet unresolved whether these biases are independent or represent different sides of the same coin.

Methods. A total of 56 patients with schizophrenia underwent a comprehensive cognitive battery encompassing paradigms tapping cognitive biases with special relevance to schizophrenia (e.g., jumping to conclusions, bias against disconfirmatory evidence), motivational factors (self-esteem and need for closure), and neuropsychological parameters. Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results. Core parameters of the cognitive bias instruments were submitted to a principal component analysis which yielded four independent components: jumping to conclusions, personalising attributional style, inflexibility, and low self-esteem.

Conclusions. The study lends tentative support for the claim that candidate cognitive mechanisms for delusions only partially overlap, and thus encourage current approaches to target these biases independently via (meta)cognitive training.