Guidelines for autologous blood and marrow stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a consensus report written on behalf of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the European Charcot Foundation

Recent reports suggest the possible beneficial effects of haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The definition of the risk/benefit ratio for such a treatment is perceived as a major issue for the neurological community worldwide. The First Consensus Conference on Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis was held in Milan, Italy on 21 February 1998. Participants from 16 European, North American, and South American countries discussed the guidelines form performing HSCT in MS. This conference was organized in order to : (a) define criteria for patient selection; (b) define transplantation procedures to maximize efficacy of the treatment and minimize its toxicity; (c) standardize patient outcome evaluation; and (d) establish an international working group to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HSCT in MS and to study the immunological changes related to HSCT in MS patients. During the meeting in Milan agreement was reached on: (a) the preparation and distribution of a consensus report on HSCT in MS and (b) the design of an open trial for an initial assessment of the safety and efficacy of HSCT in MS. The consensus reached during the meeting and the design of the clinical trial are summarized in this contribution. Received: 14 May 1999, Received in revised form: 4 January 2000, Accepted: 19 January 2000     

多发性硬化168例临床分析

目的探讨多发性硬化（MS）的临床特点。方法综合分析168例多发性硬化患者的一般资料、病变部位、重要辅助检查及治疗方法。结果168例MS患者最常见的临床症状为肢体无力和感觉异常,其次为肌肉痉挛性疼痛、视力障碍、排便异常、共济失调,个别患者可有周围神经改变。实验室检查示：脑脊液蛋白水平和IgG指数增高最常见。磁共振（MRI）异常率高达90．98％。糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论MS是一种临床表现复杂、累及中枢神经系统白质多部位、病程表现多时相的自身免疫性疾病。根据临床特点,综合神经电生理、脑脊液免疫学及影像学检查能大大提高临床确诊率．茸中磁其据成像意义较大。     

浅低温干预预防复苏后综合征的临床研究

目的观察浅低温干预预防复苏后综合征的临床疗效。方法126例在心肺脑复苏后常规高级生命支持治疗基础上,予浅低温治疗;将床旁多参数中央监护系统的温度传感器置于腋下进行连续监测,将患者体温控制在32—35℃,24h后恢复常温治疗。72h后观察疗效,以急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）评分方法和多系统功能障碍（MODS）评分方法分别进行评分。结果治疗前ARDS评分（12．31±4．68）分,治疗后（6．99±3．05）分,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗前MODS评分1级8例,2级56级,3级62例,治疗后1级22例,2级79例,3级25例。治疗后1级、2级病例增加,3级病例减少,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;126例中发生复苏后综合征28例;预后情况：126例中死亡49例（38．89％）,出院但有脑损害19例（15．08％）,出院无脑损害58例（46．03％）。结论在心肺脑复苏后常规高级生命支持治疗基础上采用浅低温方法可以有效预防复苏后综合征,减少死亡率。     

Multiple gastrointestinal atresias result from disturbed morphogenesis

 Multiple gastrointestinal atresias (MGA) have been reported to account for 6% to 32% of all intestinal atresias. Controversy exists regarding the pathogenesis. Many investigators believe MGA to be the result of multiple ischemic infarctions of the intestinal tract. However, some have suggested that MGA results from a malformative process early in fetal life. Prenatal exposure to adriamycin in a rat model has been reported to lead to a spectrum of tracheoesophageal and associated malformations of the gastrointestinal tract, including intestinal atresias, identical to these observed in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and histopathologic findings of MGA in order to understand the pathogenesis. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with adriamycin (1.75 mg/kg) in nine different gestational-day protocols. MGA was only seen in those rats who received adriamycin on gestational days 7, 8, and 9. The litters were recovered on day 21 by cesarean section. The digestive tracts (DT) of the fetuses were harvested for macroscopic and microscopic examination. Ten rats who received adriamycin on gestational days 7, 8, and 9 produced 87 newborns; 1 was damaged during dissection. DT anomalies occurred in 80 (93%) of the 86 newborns; 94% of these demonstrated MGA. There was a very high incidence of associated anomalies in newborns with MGA. Histologically, the blind-ending atresias showed different degrees of villous hyperplasia with or without intraluminal material. This is the first report demonstrating a high rate of occurrence of MGA in the adriamycin rat model. The injection of adriamycin early in gestation, the high incidence of associated malformations, and the anatomic and histologic findings in MGA indicate that MGA is a result of a malformative rather than an ischemic process. Accepted: 22 September 2000     

A neural model of 3D shape-from-texture: multiple-scale filtering, boundary grouping, and surface filling-in

A neural model is presented of how cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 interact to convert a textured 2D image into a representation of curved 3D shape. Two basic problems are solved to achieve this: (1) Patterns of spatially discrete 2D texture elements are transformed into a spatially smooth surface representation of 3D shape. (2) Changes in the statistical properties of texture elements across space induce the perceived 3D shape of this surface representation. This is achieved in the model through multiple-scale filtering of a 2D image, followed by a cooperative-competitive grouping network that coherently binds texture elements into boundary webs at the appropriate depths using a scale-to-depth map and a subsequent depth competition stage. These boundary webs then gate filling-in of surface lightness signals in order to form a smooth 3D surface percept. The model quantitatively simulates challenging psychophysical data about perception of prolate ellipsoids [Todd, J., & Akerstrom, R. (1987). Perception of three-dimensional form from patterns of optical texture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13(2), 242-255]. In particular, the model represents a high degree of 3D curvature for a certain class of images, all of whose texture elements have the same degree of optical compression, in accordance with percepts of human observers. Simulations of 3D percepts of an elliptical cylinder, a slanted plane, and a photo of a golf ball are also presented.     

Invasive genetic studies in multiple pregnancy

Invasive procedures for prenatal diagnosis in multiple gestations are relatively safe and effective. First-trimester chorionic villus sampling has a lower risk of procedure failure and of fetal loss than amniocentesis but it carries a higher risk of maternal cell or twin-twin cell contamination. In experienced hands, the safety, efficacy of sampling and accuracy of genetic analysis of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are similar. We describe our experience in amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and cordocentesis in multiple pregnancy.     

电针防治多发性腺瘤性结肠息肉再发的临床观察

目曲：观察电针治疗对多发性腺瘤性结肠息肉内镜治疗后再发率的影响。方法：90例患者随机分为两组。治疗组50例采用电针治疗3个疗程;对照组不做任何治疗。观察两组3年后再发率和腹痛、大便症状改善情况。结幂：治疗组和对照组的再发率分别为8．0％和32．5％,有明显差异（P〈0．01）;治疗组腹痛及大便失常等的改善也优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：电针可有效控制经内镜治疗后多发性腺瘤性结肠息肉的再发。     

体外循环围手术期血糖与术后临床预后的关系

目的：分析体外循环围手术期血糖的变化与临床预后的关系,探究体外循环术预后的预测指标。方法选取我院2008年2月至2013年2月成人体外循环手术患者300例,分为死亡组（15例）和存活组（285例）,比较两组静脉血糖转流时间、住ICU时间及pH值,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果（1）死亡组的静脉血糖及峰值、器官衰竭数转流时间、住 ICU 时间明显高于存活组,pH值则明显低于后者（P＜0．05）;（2）Logistic多因素回归分析结果仅术中血糖峰值及术后2 h血糖峰值是器官衰竭的独立危险因素。结论术中血糖与体外循环术患者的临床预后密切相关。     

头颈部遗传性肿瘤概述

头颈部遗传性肿瘤主要包括家族性头颈部副神经节瘤、多发性内分泌腺瘤病1型、多发性内分泌腺瘤病2型、家族性甲状旁腺功能亢进、家族性甲状腺乳头状癌、神经纤维瘤病I型、神经纤维瘤病II型、家族性鼻咽癌及家族性鳞状细胞癌。本文从头颈部遗传性肿瘤的分类、临床特征、遗传学和治疗等方面做一综述。     

Exosomes with FOXP3 from gene-modified dendritic cells ameliorate the development of EAE by regulating the balance of Th/Treg

Objective: To investigate the efficiency and potential mechanisms of exosomes from dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Method: Mouse bone marrow-derived immature DCs were loaded with adenovirus carrying FOXP3 gene, and exosomes were generated. Then the exosomes with FOXP3 (FOXP3-EXOs) were co-cultured with CD4+T cell in vitro to evaluate their potential on CD4+T cell proliferation and differentiation, and injected into EAE mice to assess their effects on the development of EAE.Result: FOXP3-EXOs were effective to inhibit the CD4⁺T cell proliferation and the production of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17, while they promoted the production of IL-10 in vitro. Moreover, FOXP3-EXOs treatment significantly decreased the neurological scores, reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord, and decreased demyelination in comparison to saline and Con-EXOs treated EAE mice. Moreover, the FOXP3-EXOs treatment resulted in obvious increases in the levels of regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10, whereas levels of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, Th17 cells, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 decreased significantly in the splenocyte culture of EAE mice.Conclusion: The present study preliminarily investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of FOXP3-EXOs in EAE and revealed that the FOXP3-EXOs could inhibit the production of Th1 and Th17 cells and promote the production of Treg cells as well as ameliorate the development of EAE. The neuroprotective effects of FOXP3-EXOs on EAE are likely due to the regulation of Th/Treg balance.