全文获取类型
收费全文 | 52320篇 |
免费 | 5223篇 |
国内免费 | 1914篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 426篇 |
儿科学 | 384篇 |
妇产科学 | 518篇 |
基础医学 | 7327篇 |
口腔科学 | 1397篇 |
临床医学 | 4556篇 |
内科学 | 5816篇 |
皮肤病学 | 448篇 |
神经病学 | 3992篇 |
特种医学 | 1610篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 4504篇 |
综合类 | 8679篇 |
现状与发展 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 7343篇 |
眼科学 | 841篇 |
药学 | 6169篇 |
74篇 | |
中国医学 | 2957篇 |
肿瘤学 | 2411篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 298篇 |
2023年 | 1103篇 |
2022年 | 2190篇 |
2021年 | 2573篇 |
2020年 | 2169篇 |
2019年 | 1730篇 |
2018年 | 1668篇 |
2017年 | 1903篇 |
2016年 | 1785篇 |
2015年 | 1943篇 |
2014年 | 3226篇 |
2013年 | 3701篇 |
2012年 | 3010篇 |
2011年 | 3463篇 |
2010年 | 2632篇 |
2009年 | 2790篇 |
2008年 | 2815篇 |
2007年 | 2775篇 |
2006年 | 2365篇 |
2005年 | 2098篇 |
2004年 | 1712篇 |
2003年 | 1528篇 |
2002年 | 1122篇 |
2001年 | 1000篇 |
2000年 | 951篇 |
1999年 | 806篇 |
1998年 | 654篇 |
1997年 | 604篇 |
1996年 | 538篇 |
1995年 | 508篇 |
1994年 | 479篇 |
1993年 | 375篇 |
1992年 | 351篇 |
1991年 | 272篇 |
1990年 | 283篇 |
1989年 | 243篇 |
1988年 | 229篇 |
1987年 | 211篇 |
1986年 | 160篇 |
1985年 | 227篇 |
1984年 | 172篇 |
1983年 | 101篇 |
1982年 | 118篇 |
1981年 | 101篇 |
1980年 | 105篇 |
1979年 | 95篇 |
1978年 | 57篇 |
1977年 | 50篇 |
1976年 | 47篇 |
1975年 | 33篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
大蒜素对脑局灶缺血大鼠血小板活化功能及其结构的影响 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
目的:观察大蒜素对脑局灶缺血大鼠血小板活化功能或轻药物诱导的血小板活化功能及其结构的影响。方法:(1)将SD大鼠随机分为(空白组、大蒜素大剂量组和小剂量组)3组,于末次给予试药1.5h后颈总动脉插管取血,加入诱导剂二磷酸腺苷(ADP)或胶原,测定血小板最大聚集率;(2)采用化学刺激(FeCl3)诱导血栓闭塞法制备大鼠急性大脑中动脉血栓模型,随机分为(假手术组、模型组、大蒜素大剂量组和小剂量组)4组,给药方法同实验(1),颈总动脉插管取血后分离血浆,测定血浆血栓烷B2(TXB2)、6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)含量;(3)加入ADP孵育激活性,离心得到血小板沉淀块,透射电镜下观察血小板的超微结构。结果:与空白组或模型组相比,大蒜素大剂量组(10mg/kg)、小剂量组(5mg/kg)均可显著抑制药物诱导的血小板聚集(P<0.01),且大剂量组显著优于小剂量组(P<0.05);均可明显降低模型大鼠血浆TXB2的含量,降低TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值,大剂量组还显著升高血浆中6-keto-PGF1α水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);可明显抑制血小板活化过程中超微结构的改变,且有一定的量效关系。结论:大蒜素可能通过抑制血小板聚集,抑制血小板活化时大量释放的活性肽TXA2、促进恢复TXA2/PGI2平衡,抑制血小板激活释放过程中超微结构的改变,从而对脑梗塞起治疗作用。 相似文献
62.
Yukiko Kaizu Sakae Ohkawa Hiromichi Kumagai 《Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation》2002,17(3):442-448
BACKGROUND: Measurement of muscle mass is useful for evaluating protein nutritional status. Various methods for estimating muscle mass in haemodialysis patients have recently been developed. METHODS: The validity of the estimate of creatinine production calculated with the creatinine kinetic model (CKM) was examined in 46 haemodialysis patients by comparing it with the actual creatinine production, this being determined from the sum of creatinine appearing in the dialysate and the estimated metabolic degradation. The correlation of various other muscle mass indices with creatinine production was also investigated in these patients. RESULTS: The estimate of creatinine production using CKM was significantly correlated with creatinine production calculated from the spent dialysate plus an estimate for the extra-renal creatinine degradation (r=0.90, P<0.001). A Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the mean prediction error for the estimate of creatinine production by CKM was +0.10 g/day and the limits of agreement were +0.34 to -0.14 g/day. The cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle measured by computed tomography (CT) was also significantly correlated with creatinine production (r=-0.86, P<0.01). In contrast, the correlations of 3-methylhistidine production measured in the spent dialysate, the mid-upper arm muscle circumference and the skeletal muscle mass estimated by an anthropometric prediction model with creatinine production were lower (r<0.82). CONCLUSION: Creatinine production calculated using CKM and CT measurement of thigh muscle area are valid methods for estimating muscle mass during routine clinical examinations of haemodialysis patients. 相似文献
63.
蛇床子水提取液抑瘤作用的实验研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
目的 :研究蛇床子水提取液的体内抗肿瘤作用。方法 :通过 S180 肉瘤移植建立荷瘤小鼠模型 ,给予不同剂量蛇床子水提取液后观察 S180 荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长曲线、血清唾液酸 (SA)、瘤重及小鼠生存天数的变化。结果 :蛇床子水提取液能明显抑制肿瘤生长 ,降低荷瘤小鼠血清 SA水平 ,0 .0 6mg/(g· d) ,0 .1 1 mg/(g· d)、0 .2 1 mg/(g· d)剂量组平均瘤重低于肿瘤对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,抑瘤率依次为 2 3 .2 %、2 9.1 %和 2 4 .8%,且能延长荷瘤小鼠生存天数 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,动物生命延长率依次为 :2 6 .9%、3 4 .8%和 2 6 .6 %。结论 :蛇床子水提取液具有较强的抗肿瘤效应 ,有很好的利用前景 ,值得对其进行深入研究。 相似文献
64.
D. Caroline Blanchard Jon K. Shepherd Antonio De Padua Carobrez Robert J. Blanchard 《Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews》1991,15(4):461-468
Female rats consistently show a pattern of differences in defensive behaviors compared to males which parallel the effects of exposure to a nonpainful threat stimulus (cat or cat odor) in the same tests and measures. These indications of greater defensiveness for females are particularly common in situations involving potential, as opposed to actual and present, threat, a factor which probably also reflects ceiling or floor effects in situations involving very intense defensiveness. In addition, pharmacological studies indicate sex differences in the effects of selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists and antagonists on defensive responding. These findings indicate that sex effects must be considered in studies of the pharmacological control of defensive behaviors, and suggest that responsivity to sex effects may be an additional criterion for the suitability of animal models of anxiety. 相似文献
65.
烹调油烟致大小鼠肺癌的实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
[目的]了解烹调油烟(cooking oil fumes,COF)的动物致癌性。[方法]采用动式染毒法给Balb/c小鼠(雌雄各半)吸入COF浓度为9.09、20.65、38.85mg/m^3,染毒1次/1~2d,30min/次,共150次,计8个月;SD大鼠(雌雄各半)吸入COF浓度为6、88、15.06、35.33mg/m^3,染毒1次/2d,30min/次,共191次,计12.5个月。分别制备COF慢性中毒动物模型;两实验均设空白对照组,吸入与实验组相同温度的清洁空气。[结果]COF诱发Balb/c小鼠实验组肺癌总发生率为18、95%(29/153),低、中、高浓度组肺癌发生率分别为15.09%、20、00%和22.00%,与对照组差异均有显著性。但低、中、高三组间差异无显著性(P〉0.05);COF诱发SD大鼠肺癌总发生率为9、10%(9/99),低、中、高浓度组肺癌发生率分别为6.45%、8.57%、12.12%,高浓度组肺癌发生率高于对照组(P〈0.05)。各性别组间肺癌发生率的差别无显著性(P〉0.05)。[结论]COF可以诱导Balb/c小鼠和SD大鼠肺癌,诱发的肺癌主要为肺腺癌(小鼠28/29,大鼠7/9),余为小细胞肺癌。 相似文献
66.
草分支杆菌疫苗治疗哮喘模型小鼠的实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的 研究草分支杆菌疫苗对哮喘模型小鼠的疗效及其作用机制。方法 将 18只BALB/c小鼠分为3组 ,每组各 6只 ,其中卵蛋白致敏哮喘组 (OVA组 )和草分支杆菌疫苗治疗组 (Utilin组 )皮下注射卵蛋白致敏制作哮喘模型 ,然后用卵蛋白激发 2次 ;阴性对照组 (NS组 )皮下注射生理盐水 (NS) ,然后NS激发 2次。Utilin组在激发前后分别给予草分支杆菌疫苗 0 .5 μg腹腔注射 3次 ,其他两组不作干预。 3组分别在第 2次激发后第 1、2、3、4周眼眶后静脉丛采血测OVA特异性免疫球蛋白IgE ,并于激发后第 4周处死小鼠测肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)中的细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞 (EOS)计数 ,肺组织病理切片观察形态学改变 ,并测定脾细胞培养上清液中OVA特异性IFN γ。结果 Utilin组BALF中细胞总数为 (2 9.5 1± 5 .81)× 10 4 /mL、EOS为 (2 .88± 0 .96 )× 10 4 /mL ,明显低于OVA组 [分别为 (4 0 .15± 6 .12 )× 10 4 /mL和 (6 .91± 1.92 )× 10 4 /mL],P <0 .0 5 ;Utilin组肺组织炎症反应较OVA组明显减轻 ;Utilin组脾细胞培养上清液中OVA特异性IFN γ的浓度为 (4 6 9± 86 )pg/mL ,明显高于OVA组 (193± 80 ) pg/mL ,P <0 .0 5 ;Utilin组激发后第 3周和第 4周OVA特异性IgE分别为 (0 .2 99± 0 .0 92 )(OD值 ) ,(0 .2 6 7± 0 .0 相似文献
67.
C. Fischer W. Gross J. Krüger M. Cremer F. Vogel T. Grimm 《Annals of human genetics》2006,70(2):237-248
For several genetic diseases two biological phenomena have been recognised as important: germline mosaicism; and different new mutation rates in males and females depending on mutation type. Both principles have been investigated separately and their influence on risk estimation in families has been exemplified in the literature. The aim of this paper is to present a general model that includes mosaicism and different new mutation rates. Mosaicism is introduced by defining additional alleles at the disease locus in combination with adapted segregation rules. Taking Duchenne muscular dystrophy as an example, we derive the conditions which have to be fulfilled for a population in mutation selection equilibrium. Our approach describes the model at the population level and not in individual subjects. This has the advantage of being able to use well known algorithms for the calculation of likelihoods in pedigrees, and to include additional diagnostic information such as marker genotypes and carrier deletion test results. We demonstrate the impact of the new model on a typical pedigree. In families where the patient is not available, the distinction between point mutations and deletions is important, since often molecular diagnostic tests for females can only screen for deletions. Negative deletion test results can now be included in the risk calculations. 相似文献
68.
The recent development of brain atlases with computer graphics templates, and of huge databases of neurohistochemical data on the internet, has forced a systematic re-examination of errors associated with comparing histological features between adjacent sections of the same brain, between brains treated in the same way, and between brains from groups treated in different ways. The long-term goal is to compare as accurately as possible a broad array of data from experimental brains within the framework of reference atlases. Main sources of error, each of which ideally should be measured and minimized, include intrinsic biological variation, linear and nonlinear distortion of histological sections, plane of section differences between each brain, section alignment problems, and sampling errors. These variables are discussed, along with approaches to error estimation and minimization in terms of a specific example—the distribution of neuroendocrine neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Based on the strategy developed here, the main conclusion is that the best long-term solution is a high-resolution 3D computer graphics model of the brain that can be sliced in any plane and used as the framework for quantitative neuroanatomy, databases, knowledge management systems, and structure–function modeling. However, any approach to the automatic annotation of neuroanatomical data—relating its spatial distribution to a reference atlas—should deal systematically with these sources of error, which reduce localization reliability. 相似文献
69.
根据现代科学对基因的认识,应用了隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)的算法,以大量核酸序列为信息来源,通过计算机计算来寻找未知基因的大体位置;再通过基因的固有结构特征及密码子使用的偏向性,使用加权距离判别法来准确地定位基因,以图形及文本的形式输出,从而极大地方便了实验室的研究工作。考虑到基因的许多特征还不为人们所了解,而且不同物种之间基因结构又有一定的差异,所以还开发了程序自学习功能,不断地存储已知的基因,再据此改变一些已有固有数据,以便更好地适应和了解不同生物基因结构的特异性,更加准确地寻找未知基因的位置。 相似文献
70.
An Analysis of the Buy-Vs-Lease Decision 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1