北京市西城区2006-2010年户籍孕产妇死亡状况分析

目的了解孕产妇死亡率、死亡原因,制定相应干预措施,进一步降低孕产妇死亡率。方法采用回顾性研究方法,对北京市西城区2006-2010年户籍孕产妇死亡资料进行分析。结果 5年内西城区户籍孕产妇死亡率平均为16.15/10万,死亡原因以间接产科原因为主,西城区户籍孕产妇死亡主要与医疗保健因素尤其医疗保健人员的知识技能、管理有关。结论加强人户分离孕产妇的保健管理,提高产科技术人员的水平,提高妊娠合并症的综合救治能力是降低孕产妇死亡率的关键环节。     

泰安市大汶河流域2002～2004年育龄妇女主要死因及寿命损失分析

目的:通过对泰安市大汶河流域育龄妇女居民死亡状况的分析,了解育龄妇女的主要死因及其导致的寿命损失年数。方法:应用死亡专率和潜在减寿年数(PYLL)对大汶河主干流域育龄妇女2002～2004年人口死因进行分析。结果:研究区育龄妇女死亡率为1.09‰,对照区为0.89‰,其标化死亡率两区比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.83,P<0.01)。肿瘤、损伤与中毒、循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、泌尿系统疾病、传染病是育龄妇女的主要死因。PYLL及PYLL率前6位死因与死亡构成前6位死因一致,但顺位不同。除呼吸系统疾病、传染病和寄生虫病外,其余主要死因研究区与对照区潜在寿命损失年数标化率(SPYLL率)差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:肿瘤、损伤与中毒、循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、泌尿系统疾病、传染病是导致育龄妇女"早死"的主要死因。     

中国四城市温度对居民心脑血管疾病死亡影响的时间序列研究

目的了解中国昆明、长沙、广州和珠海四城市温度在不同滞后日对心脑血管疾病(ICD一10：100～199)死亡的影方法法收集四城市心脑血管疾病死亡与气象资料、大气污染物数据,利用分布滞后非线性模型研究不同城市温度与死亡关系,分析低温、中间温度、高温在不同滞后期对心脑血管疾病死亡的累积效应,并用一般线性阊值模型评估温度对死亡的累积冷热效应。结果四城市温度与死亡关系呈非线性,四城市居民最小死亡风险对应温度分别为长沙22.0 oC、昆明20.0℃、广州26.0℃、珠海25.5 c(：;在研究滞后期问内低温所致最大累积死亡风险值(95％c,)四城市分别为1.858(1.089～3.170)、1.537(1.306～1.809)、2.121(1.771～2.540)和1.934(1.469～2.548),高温分别为1.100(0.816～1.483)、1.06l(0.956～1 177)、1.134(1.047～1.230)和I.259(1.104～1.436)。温度当天热效应大于冷效应,但随着滞后日增加,热效应迅速下降,而冷效应急剧上升,并持续至3～4周。结论温度与心脑血管疾病死亡呈非线性关系。低温和高温均可增加心脑血管疾病的死亡风险,以低温的影响更显著。冷效应持续时问长,热效应趋短暂急促。     

Economic growth and health progress in England and Wales: 160 years of a changing relation

Using data for England and Wales during the years 1840-2000, a negative relation is found between economic growth--measured by the rate of growth of gross domestic product (GDP)--and health progress--as indexed by the annual increase in life expectancy at birth (LEB). That is, the lower is the rate of growth of the economy, the greater is the annual increase in LEB for both males and females. This effect is much stronger, however, in 1900-1950 than in 1950-2000, and is very weak in the 19th century. It appears basically at lag zero, though some short-lag effects of the same negative sign are found. In the other direction of causality, there are very small effects of the change in LEB on economic growth. These results add to an emerging consensus that in the context of long-term declining trends, mortality oscillates procyclically during the business cycle, declining faster in recessions. Therefore, LEB increases faster during recessions than during expansions. The investigation also shows how the relation between economic growth and health progress changed in England and Wales during the study period. No evidence of cointegration between income--as indexed by GDP or GDP per capita--and health--as indexed by LEB--is found.     

Meta-analysis of marital dissolution and mortality: reevaluating the intersection of gender and age

The study of marital dissolution (i.e. divorce and separation) and mortality has long been a major topic of interest for social scientists. We conducted meta-analyses and meta-regressions on 625 mortality risk estimates from 104 studies, published between 1955 and 2011, covering 24 countries, and providing data on more than 600 million persons. The mean hazard ratio (HR) for mortality in our meta-analysis was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.37) among HRs adjusted for age and additional covariates. The mean HR was higher for men (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.49) than for women (HR, 1.22; 95% CI: 1.13-1.32), but the difference between men and women decreases as the mean age increases. Other significant moderators of HR magnitude included sample size; being from Western Europe, Israel, the United Kingdom and former Commonwealth nations; and statistical adjustment for general health status.     

Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study

This study examined the relationship between loneliness, health, and mortality using a U.S. nationally representative sample of 2101 adults aged 50 years and over from the 2002 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated the effect of loneliness at one point on mortality over the subsequent six years, and investigated social relationships, health behaviors, and health outcomes as potential mechanisms through which loneliness affects mortality risk among older Americans. We operationalized health outcomes as depressive symptoms, self-rated health, and functional limitations, and we conceptualized the relationships between loneliness and each health outcome as reciprocal and dynamic. We found that feelings of loneliness were associated with increased mortality risk over a 6-year period, and that this effect was not explained by social relationships or health behaviors but was modestly explained by health outcomes. In cross-lagged panel models that tested the reciprocal prospective effects of loneliness and health, loneliness both affected and was affected by depressive symptoms and functional limitations over time, and had marginal effects on later self-rated health. These population-based data contribute to a growing literature indicating that loneliness is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality and point to potential mechanisms through which this process works.     

Do neighborhoods affect individual mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis of multilevel studies

There has been increasing interest in investigating whether inhabitants in socially or physically deprived neighborhoods have higher mortality when individual socioeconomic status is adjusted for. Results so far appear ambiguous and the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review of previous studies and to quantify the association between area-level socioeconomic status (ALSES) and all-cause mortality in a meta-analysis. Current guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses were followed. Articles were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Social Sciences Citation Index and PsycInfo and individually evaluated by two researchers. Only peer-reviewed multilevel studies from high-income countries, which analyzed the influence of at least one area-level indicator and which controlled for individual SES, were included. The ALSES estimates in each study were first combined into a single estimate using weighted linear regression. In the meta-analysis we calculated combined estimates with random effects to account for heterogeneity between studies. Out of the 40 studies found eligible for the systematic review 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The systematic review suggests that there is an association between social cohesion and mortality but found no evidence for a clear association for area-level income inequality or for social capital. Studies including more than one area level suggest that characteristics on different area levels contribute to individual mortality. In the meta-analysis we found significantly higher mortality among inhabitants living in areas with low ALSES. Associations were stronger for men and younger age groups and in studies analyzing geographical units with fewer inhabitants.     

重症监护病房中急性呼吸窘迫综合征的预后危险因素探讨

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的死亡率以及预后危险因素.方法 根据从2009年1月～2011年1月入住某院重症监护病房(ICU)中的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的230例患者,采用1992年欧美ARDS联席会议提议通过的ARDS诊断标准,对患者进行持续24h的治疗时间,并进行临床观察.结果 2009年1月～2011年1月入住的重症监护病房(ICU)中的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的230例患者,其中肺源性患者85例,肺外源性患者145例.在此治疗期间,采用APACHEII评分标准对死亡率进行调整,调整2年时间内死亡率没有明显变化(P=0.85),并且根据多方面因素的资料研究分析,ARDS死亡因素有很多,包括患者年龄、基础病理、多功能器官功能障碍妨碍住院时间的治疗,其中导致死亡率最高的因素就是脓毒性休克和心功能衰竭,死于呼吸衰竭的患者其实很少.结论 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是近两年来该院接收最常见的患者之一,也是死亡率比较高的急重病,脓毒性休克和心功能衰竭都是导致ARDS死亡率增高的主要原因.     

柳州市2004～2009年城市道路交通伤害的流行病学研究

目的 探讨柳州城市道路交通伤害的流行病学规律,为预防和控制伤害的发生及其危害提供依据.方法 应用广西公安厅交警总队提供的数据和2004～2009年柳州市统计年鉴描述柳州市道路交通伤害的发生率、死亡率、伤人率和直接经济损失及其变化趋势,并描述道路交通伤害的车辆类型、地区和道路分布情况等相关特征.结果 2004～2009年柳州城市道路交通伤害在总体上发生率、死亡率和伤人率呈下降趋势,但2009年4项数据有回升趋势,直接经济损失为69.9万元,是2008年的1.90倍,受伤人数为252人,是2008年的2.50倍,2项数据升高较快;2004～2009年间柳州市道路交通伤害的主要成因是与道路交通伤害相关的人员因素,所占比例为61.80％～91.03％,其中机动车驾驶员的违章行为是主要原因,包括纵向间距不够和酒后驾驶等;发生交通伤害的主要车种为汽车和摩托车,两者所占比例每年都超过90％以上;交通伤害主要发生在城市主干道上,占76％左右.结论 柳州市道路交通伤害发生率得到了有效控制,适当控制汽车保有量的快速增长对于减少道路交通伤害作用明显;柳州城市道路交通伤害的预防和控制应以控制汽车驾驶员和摩托车驾驶员的违章行为为重点,同时增加警力,加强城市主干道的监督检查.