精神分裂症患者认知功能损伤的研究进展

为进一步了解精神分裂症神经生物学机制并为未来的相关研究及诊疗提供新思路,故对精神分裂症认知功能损伤的研究进行综述。认知功能受损是精神分裂症的重要临床表现之一。目前使用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)及精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)评定精神分裂症患者的认知功能均发现患者存在严重的工作记忆障碍。工作记忆是大脑前额叶皮质的主要功能之一,而纹状体突触前合成和分泌的多巴胺(DA)含量与认知功能损伤程度及前额叶皮质功能存在相关性。对认知功能损伤的治疗有助于改善精神分裂症患者的预后、减轻社会负担。目前已有多种治疗方式可供选择。     

Disrupted functional connectivity of the hippocampus in patients with hyperthyroidism: Evidence from resting-state fMRI

Objective

The hippocampus expresses high levels of thyroid hormone receptors, suggesting that hippocampal functions, including cognition and regulation of mood, can be disrupted by thyroid pathology. Indeed, structural and functional alterations within the hippocampus have been observed in hyperthyroid patients. In addition to internal circuitry, hippocampal processing is dependent on extensive connections with other limbic and neocortical structures, but the effects of hyperthyroidism on functional connectivity (FC) with these areas have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible abnormalities in the FC between the hippocampus and other neural structures in hyperthyroid patients using resting-state fMRI.

Methods

Seed-based correlation analysis was performed on resting-state fMRI data to reveal possible differences in hippocampal FC between hyperthyroid patients and healthy controls. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between the strength of FC in regions showing significant group differences and clinical variables.

Results

Compared to controls, hyperthyroid patients showed weaker FC between the bilateral hippocampus and both the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), as well as between the right hippocampus and right medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Disease duration was negatively correlated with FC strength between the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral ACC and PCC. Levels of depression and anxiety were negatively correlated with FC strength between the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral ACC.

Conclusion

Decreased functional connectivity between the hippocampus and bilateral ACC, PCC, and right mOFC may contribute to the emotional and cognitive dysfunction associated with hyperthyroidism.     

Cognitive impairment profile differences in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures and epilepsy patients with generalized seizures

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study aimed to compare cognitive skills in epilepsy patients and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) patients who have no history of frequent seizures to those of a healthy control group.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2017 and June 2019 and included 103 epilepsy patients, 100 PNES patients, and 101 healthy controls, aged 18 to 60 years. Patients with fewer than 12 annual seizure episodes and no history of seizures during the last 30 days were added to the study. A sociodemographic data form, the Beck Anxiety and Depression Scales, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Digit Span test, and Stroop Color-Word Interference Test were used.

Results: Compared to the control group, sub-component scores were significantly lower in naming, attention, abstract thinking, and delayed recall for the epilepsy and PNES groups. Sub-component scores in orientation, executive functioning, and delayed recall were significantly lower in the epilepsy group compared to the PNES group. Digits Backward subtest scores and total Digit Span test scores were significantly lower in the epilepsy and PNES groups. Patients in the epilepsy and PNES groups took longer to complete the Stroop test and made more errors and corrections compared to the healthy controls. There was a negative correlation between the duration of the disease and the total Digit Span score in the epilepsy group.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the epilepsy group showed reduced cognitive scores even though they did not suffer from frequent seizures and were not drug-resistant.     

Validation in French of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute,a brief cognitive screening test for phone administration

BackgroundThe prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia is high and steadily increasing. Early detection of cognitive decline is crucial since some interventions can reduce the risk of progression to dementia. However, there is a lack of manageable scales for assessing cognitive functions outside specialized consultations. Recently, the MoCA-5 min, a short version of the Montreal Cognitive assessment (MoCA), phone-administered, was validated for screening for vascular cognitive impairment. The aim of the present study was to validate the MoCA-5 min in French in diverse clinical populations.MethodsThe Cantonese version of the MoCA-5 min was adapted for French language. Healthy volunteers and patients with possible or established cognitive impairment (Alzheimer's disease or related disorders, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, type-2 diabetes) participated in the study. The original MoCA and the MoCA-5 min were administered, by phone, with a 30-day interval. Alternate forms were used to reduce learning effects.ResultsThe scores of the original MoCA and MoCA-5 min correlated significantly (Spearman rho = 0.751, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval 0.657 to 0.819). Internal consistency was good (Cronbach alpha = 0.795). The area under the ROC curve was 0.870 and the optimal cut-off value for separating patients with and without cognitive impairment with the MoCA-5 min was ≤ 27 with 87.32% sensitivity and 76.09% specificity. Interrater and test-retest reliability were adequate.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the French version of the MoCA-5 min is a valid and reliable scale for detecting cognitive impairment in different clinical populations. It is administrable by phone and thus suitable for remote assessment as well as for large-scale screening and epidemiological studies.     

颈动脉狭窄患者认知损害的临床特点研究

目的了解颈动脉狭窄患者的认知损害特点,并探讨与之相关的可能机制。方法选取91例TIA或小卒中患者作为研究对象,进行TCD和CTA或DSA检查,依据颈动脉狭窄程度将患者分为狭窄组43例(狭窄率≥50%)和对照组48例(狭窄率<50%),采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对患者进行认知评估,然后对两组患者MoCA总分、子测试得分及相关危险因素进行比较。结果校正性别、年龄、受教育年数、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟和血脂异常因素后,狭窄组患者MoCA总分、执行功能(交替连线试验)、视空间结构功能(复制立方体和画钟)、延迟回忆功能(延迟回忆)方面的测试成绩均低于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05),而命名力、注意力、语言能力、抽象力、定向力,组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论颈动脉狭窄患者存在认知损害,以执行功能、视空间结构功能和延迟回忆功能方面的显著受损为特点。多重血管性危险因素可能促进颈动脉狭窄患者的认知功能减退。     

Go Home,Sit Less: The Impact of Home Versus Hospital Rehabilitation Environment on Activity Levels of Stroke Survivors

Objective

To examine whether change in rehabilitation environment (hospital or home) and other factors influence time spent sitting upright and walking after stroke.

The Beneficial Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for People With Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo objectively evaluate the most common forms of mind-body exercise (MBE) (tai chi, yoga, qigong) on cognitive function among people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Data SourcesWe searched 6 electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, WanFang, Web of Science, CNKI) from inception until September 2018.Study SelectionNine randomized controlled trials and 3 nonrandomized controlled trials were included for meta-analysis.Data ExtractionTwo researchers independently performed the literature searches, study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment using the revised Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.Data SynthesisThe pooled effect size (standardized mean difference [SMD]) was calculated while random-effect model was selected. Overall results of the meta-analysis (N=1298 people with MCI) indicated that MBE significantly improved attention (SMD=0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.71, P=.02, I²=31.6%, n=245), short-term memory (SMD=0.74, 95% CI 0.57-0.90, P<.001, I²=0%, n=861), executive function (SMD=-0.42, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.21, P<.001, I²=38.54%, n=701), visual-spatial/executive function (SMD=0.35, 95% CI 0.07-0.64, P<.05, I²=0%, n=285), and global cognitive function (SMD=0.36, 95% CI 0.2-0.52, P<.001, I²=15.12%, n=902). However, the significant positive effect on cognitive processing speed was not observed following MBE interventions (SMD=0.31, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.63, P=.054, I²=28.66%, n=233).ConclusionsStudy findings of this meta-analysis suggest that MBE have the potential to improve various cognitive functions in people with MCI.     

Cognitive impairment in non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which can cause prominent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Cognitive dysfunction is one of the major neuropsychiatric syndromes of SLE.Aim of the workTo evaluate cognitive functions in SLE patients without evident neuropsychiatric manifestations and to find out if it is correlated with disease activity and with treatment.Patients & methodsThirty SLE patients without evident neuropsychiatric manifestations were evaluated. The evaluation included full clinical examination, assessment of SLE disease activity index-2k (SLEDAI-2k), routine laboratory investigations, autoantibodies assessment and cognitive function assessment using Montréal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale and trail making test (TMT) (part A and part B). Twenty apparently healthy individuals were taken as control.ResultsCognitive dysfunction is present in all SLE patients included in our study. During assessment of cognitive functions, a highly statistically significant difference was observed between patients and control subjects, even with equal levels of education. While patients with higher educational levels were as impaired as those with lower levels of education. Cognitive dysfunction was not correlated with disease activity or with the doses of drugs used for treatment. But a statistically significant positive correlation was noted between deterioration of cognitive functions and the disease duration.ConclusionCognitive dysfunction is a prominent feature in SLE patients without symptoms of CNS involvement. Psychological evaluation should be performed for each SLE patient to detect cognitive dysfunctions. Psychological intervention is recommended to prevent further deterioration. Correlation with disease duration should pay attention to the chronicity of disease.     

奥拉西坦联合胞磷胆碱治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的 研究奥拉西坦联合胞磷胆碱治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果。方法 选择2018年3月—2019年10月新乡市中心医院收治的急性脑梗死患者104例为研究对象,采用随机信封法将患者分为替格瑞洛联合胞磷胆碱组（对照组）和奥拉西坦联合胞磷胆碱组（治疗组）,每组各52例。对照组患者静脉滴注胞磷胆碱注射液,0.5 g加入到100 mL 5%葡萄糖注射液中,1次/d;同时口服替格瑞洛片,90 mg/次,2次/d。治疗组患者静脉滴注胞磷胆碱注射液,0.5 g加入到100 mL 5%葡萄糖注射液中,1次/d;同时静脉滴注奥拉西坦注射液,5 g加入到250 mL 5%葡萄糖注射液中,1次/d。两组患者均连续治疗3周。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的神经功能缺损（NIHSS）评分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评分,并比较两组患者血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平、炎症因子水平。结果 治疗后,两组患者总有效率比较差异无统计学意义。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分较治疗前明显降低,MoCA评分明显升高（P<0.05）;治疗后治疗组MoCA评分显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,治疗后两组NIHSS评分比较无统计学意义。治疗后,两组患者血清VEGF水平均较治疗前明显升高,NSE水平明显降低（P<0.05）;且治疗组患者血清VEGF水平明显高于对照组,NSE水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）;且治疗组患者TNF-α、IL-6水平降低幅度高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 奥拉西坦联合胞磷胆碱治疗急性脑梗死具有较好的疗效,可改善认知功能,降低血清炎症因子水平,具有一定临床推广应用价值。