铊的特殊毒性研究

研究表明,碳酸铊剂量在0.48mg/kg以上能诱发小鼠骨髓细胞做核数增加;浓度为0.047mg/ml时,诱发体外培养细胞形态转化;剂量为0.83～2.5mg/kg的小鼠致畸试验结果,见胚胎吸收率和胸骨及枕骨缺失(或骨化不全)的胎鼠数明显高于对照组,但未见内脏和外观畸形。     

Biological monitoring of hospital pharmacy personnel occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs: urinary excretion and cytogenetics studies

For evaluation of the risk borne by hospital pharmacy personnel exposed to antineoplastic agents, the incorporation of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and platinum-containing drugs was quantified by the determination of urinary concentrations. In addition, the induction of micronuclei (MN) and sister-chromatid-exchange (SCE) rates in peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied for correlation with the urinary excretion of cytostatic drugs. Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were determined in 24-h urine samples using gas chromatography with electron capture (detection limit 2.5 μg/l). Voltammetric analysis enabled the determination of platinum concentrations of 4 ng/l. Heparinized blood (20 ml) was drawn and lymphocytes were cultured for MN and SCE studies. In all, 13 hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians regularly involved in the preparation of cytostatic drugs participated in this investigation (7 persons represent a follow-up group). All subjects applied standard safety precautions, including the use of a vertical laminar air-flow hood, protective gowns, and latex gloves. On the day of urine sampling an average of 4,870 mg cyclophosphamide, 5,580 mg ifosfamide, and 504 mg platinum-containing drugs were handled. The excretion of 5 and 9 μg cyclophosphamide/1 urine was measured in two samples, respectively. An elevated level of urinary platinum was found in one pharmacist (22.3 ng/g creatinine) in comparison with a nonexposed control group. Mean frequencies of MN and SCE did not differ significantly between the drug exposed group and control group. The employees who had incorporated chemotherapeutic agents were part of the follow-up group and, thus, particularly cautious and sensitive to a possible hazard. The results emphasize the necessity of improving personal protection of hospital pharmacy personnel occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs and support the importance of biological monitoring. In an ongoing project in our department the sources of contamination are being investigated parallel to biological monitoring so as to determine critical situations and improve personal protection. Received: 7 August 1996 / Accepted: 3 January 1997     

River water genotoxicity evaluation using micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes

The quality of Caí river water (Rio Grande do Sul State) in an area under the influence of a petrochemical complex was studied using the micronucleus assay in erythrocytes from peripheral blood of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. This cytogenetic in vivo assay was performed to evaluate the effects of petrochemical effluents on the stream. Organisms were exposed to samples collected at four sites, during an 11-month period. Three different exposure periods were used (7, 14, and 21 days) to evaluate their influence in genotoxic detection. The 14-day exposure period was most effective in detecting genotoxicity in samples from this area. The presence of substances with clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential could be detected at the different sites analyzed. This in vivo assay allowed the detection of genotoxicity in the area studied, indicating the potential for environmental genotoxicity monitoring.     

罗布麻叶中三十烷醇的药理研究

罗布麻(Apocynum uenctum L.)叶经植化分析,含有脂溶性成分三十烷醇(Triacon tanol,简称TC)。该成分为一种植物生长调节剂,微量即能促进植物生长。对动物的影响,尚未见报道。本文就TC对小鼠生长和免疫功能的影响,以及对细胞染色体的保护作用等作了初步研究。     

木尘提取液诱发体外培养BALBA/c-3T3细胞微核和多核

为探讨木尘的诱变性,选择硬木和软木各一种,分别为榉木和桦木,制备成木尘水提取液和有机提取液,进行BALB/c-3T3细胞微核和多核诱导试验.结果显示榉木尘和桦木尘两种提取液均存在细胞毒性,并可引起BALB/c-3T3细胞微核和多核细胞率的明显升高,剂量反应关系成立.说明榉木尘和桦木尘两种提取液均具有诱变性.     

轮叶党参醇提水溶部分对丝裂霉素致免疫抑制的拮抗作用

目的研究轮叶党参醇提水溶部分对丝裂霉素所致淋巴细胞增殖抑制的拮抗作用。方法用大鼠外周血淋巴细胞培养,观察在相同的丝裂霉素浓度(40μg／L),不同的轮叶党参醇提水溶部分的浓度情况下的淋巴细胞的增殖情况。结果轮叶党参醇提水溶部分具有免疫增强作用,且呈剂量效应关系;并且在较低浓度时,轮叶党参醇提水溶部分就表现出较好的免疫增强的效果作用。结论轮叶党参醇提水溶部分具有免疫增强作用。     

大鼠宫内用棉酚抗早孕后对后代遗传学效应的研究

本文对10只孕7天(胚泡着床后2天)大鼠宫腔内一次性注入醋酸棉酚完全抗早孕后再次生育的子代,及8只孕鼠宫腔内一次注入醋酸棉酚部分抗早孕后产出的子代(F_1),及由此子代繁殖的孙代鼠(F_2),进行骨髓细胞染色体畸变率及胎肝血细胞微核率检测。结果表明,用醋酸棉酚抗早孕后再生育的F_1及用药后部分抗孕产出的F_1及F_2,与对照组相比,均无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明醋酸棉酚作为宫内一次性抗生育药物作用后对后代是安全的。     

Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from radiation workers in tritium-applying industry

Objectives : The frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes was compared in two groups of persons occupationally exposed to tritium either through the use of luminous paints or in the weapons industry, with the aim of finding a correlation between the CA and MN assays, the extent of radiation hazard, and the duration of occupational exposure to chemical forms of tritium and the ability of the latter to induce hazards in human lymphocytes. Methods : CA analysis and the cytochalasin B micronucleus test were performed. Urinary tritium in both groups was measured using a liquid scintillation method. For purposes of comparison, 2 control groups (40 persons) were examined; 24 exposed individuals were matched to their controls according to age, sex, and smoking habits. Results: Values recorded for the frequency of CA in the group of workers handling tritium in luminous dial painting were 0.015 ± 0.014 dicentrics/cell, 0.023 ± 0.017 total unstable CA/cell, and 0.035 ± 0.019 MN/binucleated cell. Urinary levels of tritium in this group of employees ranged from 1.35 to 9.43 MBq/l. As compared with their matched controls, in these workers the differences in the yield of CA as well as in MN were statistically highly significant (P<0.005 and P<0.003, respectively). The same parameters analyzed in workers employed in the armament industry gave values of 0.001 ± 0.003 dicentrics/cell, 0.010 ± 0.008 total unstable CA/cell, and 0.021 ± 0.029 MN/binucleated cell. No detectable concentration of urinary tritium was found. As compared with their matched controls, in these workers the differences were also statistically significant (P<0.027 and P<0.012, respectively). The yield of CA, particularly the yield of dicentrics, was significantly higher (P<0.005) in the group of luminous dial painters as compared with the weapons industry workers. The difference found in the yield of MN between the two groups of workers was also statistically significant (P<0.084). Intercontrol differences in the yields of spontaneous CA as well as in MN were insignificant (P<0.683 and P<0.735, respectively). The results are discussed with respect to individual variations in the response to low doses of ionizing radiation, disorders in the handling of radionuclides, the duration of occupational exposure, and the chemical properties of the radionuclides used. Conclusion : Tritium in the chemical form of luminous paint is a more powerful clastogenic agent than tritium gas. Statistical analysis demonstrated that lymphocyte effects are due to the concentration of tritium in urine rather than to the duration of occupational exposure. Since the radiation hazard measured by the MN assay did not differ from that determined by the CA assay, the MN test can be recommended as a rapid assay for screening purposes in cases of occupational exposure to low radiation doses. Received: 20 November 1996 / Accepted: 1 August 1997     

Mutagenicity tests with nickel salts in the male mouse

The ability of NiCl₂ and Ni(NO₃)₂ to induce chromosome aberrations in vivo in male mouse has been tested by the micronucleus test and the dominant lethality test. NiCl₂ as well as Ni(NO₃)₂ failed to produce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes whereas cyclophosphamide, used as positive control, raised their incidence markedly. In contrast to the results obtained with cyclophosphamide, NiCl₂ and Ni(NO₃)₂ did not increase the rate of post-implantation death. These compounds decreased significantly, however, the rate of pregnancy as well as the amount of pre-implantation loss. Taking into account also the data in the literature, it is concluded that nickel probably has no clastogenic properties in mammals.     

空气间隙放电对高压实验室工作者外周血淋巴细胞SCE和微核率的影响

对10名和14名长期暴露在空气间隙放电条件下的高压实验室工作人员和正常对照者进行外周血淋巴细胞SCE分析和微核测定,结果:前者SCE平均值和标准误为10.46±0.423后者为8.37±0.37(P<0.01);平均微核率和标准误前者为1.5±0.17％。,后者为0.69±0.17％。(P<0.01)。表明长期暴露在空气间隙放电条件下的高压实验室工作者,存在着遗传物质遭受损害的可能性。