孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的临床疗效及其对炎症因子的影响

目的:探讨孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的临床疗效、安全性及其对患儿炎症因子的影响。方法:选取2014年2月至2016年2月我院收治的106例毛细支气管炎患儿,随机分成对照组和观察组各53例。两组患儿均给予祛痰、止咳、平喘、抗感染及抗病毒等常规治疗,对照组在常规治疗基础上加用布地奈德吸入治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上再加用孟鲁司特钠口服治疗,两组疗程均为7 d。治疗1个疗程后观察两组患儿的临床疗效及不良反应发生情况,同时比较两组患儿的咳嗽持续时间、肺部啰音持续时间、喘憋持续时间、住院时间,以及血清嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的改善情况。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为92.5%,高于对照组的75.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿咳嗽持续时间、肺部啰音持续时间、喘憋持续时间及住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗后两组患儿血清ECP、IL-4、IL-8 及TNF-α水平均改善,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗期间两组患儿均无明显不良反应发生。结论:孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的临床疗效显著,能显著改善患儿血清ECP、IL-4、IL-8 及TNF-α水平,具有较高的安全性,值得临床推广应用。     

Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles

Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.     

Fish cell lines as a tool for the ecotoxicity assessment and ranking of engineered nanomaterials

Risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is being hindered by the sheer production volume of these materials. In this regard, the grouping and ranking of ENMs appears as a promising strategy. Here we sought to evaluate the usefulness of in vitro systems based on fish cell lines for ranking a set of ENMs on the basis of their cytotoxicity. We used the topminnow (Poeciliopsis lucida) liver cell line (PLHC-1) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fibroblast-like gonadal cell line (RTG-2). ENMs were obtained from the EU Joint Research Centre repository. The size frequency distribution of ENM suspensions in cell culture media was characterized. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after 24 h of exposure. PLHC-1 cells exhibited higher sensitivity to the ENMs than RTG-2 cells. ZnO-NM was found to exert toxicity mainly by altering lysosome function and metabolic activity, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) caused plasma membrane disruption at high concentrations. The hazard ranking for toxicity (ZnO-NM > MWCNT ≥ CeO₂-NM = SiO₂-NM) was inversely related to the ranking in size detected in culture medium. Our findings reveal the suitability of fish cell lines for establishing hazard rankings of ENMs in the framework of integrated approaches to testing and assessment.     

Sodium fluoride induces hypertension and cardiac complications through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappa beta

Human exposure to sodium fluoride through its daily usage is almost inevitable. Cardiovascular and renal dysfunction has been associated with fluoride toxicity. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism of action of sodium fluoride (NaF) induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications Forty male albino rats of an average of 10 rats per group were used. Group A received clean tap water. Toxicity was induced in Group B to D by administering graded doses of NaF through drinking water ad libitum for 10 days at 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm concentration respectively. Following administration of NaF, there was significant increase in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure. Markers of oxidative stress; malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, advance oxidation protein products, and protein carbonyl were significantly increased in dose‐dependent pattern in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats together with significant decrease in the GST activity in NaF‐treated rats compared to the control. Also serum markers of inflammation, cardiac, and renal damage including myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK‐MB) significantly increased indicating induction of oxidative stress, renal, and cardiac damage after exposure. Histopathology of the kidney and heart revealed aberrations in the histological architecture in NaF‐treated rats. Also, immunohistochemistry showed higher expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐kB) in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats administered NaF. Combining all, these results indicate NaF‐induced hypertension through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of renal and cardiac NF‐kB expressions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1089–1101, 2017.     

Effects of high‐sodium intake on systemic blood pressure and vascular responses in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob‐Leprfa/fa rats

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension has markedly increased worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a high‐salt intake on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular responses in WBN/Kob‐Lepr^fa/fa (WBKDF) rats, a new spontaneous animal model of T2DM. Male WBKDF rats and age‐matched Wistar rats at 6 weeks of age were each divided into two groups and fed either a normal‐sodium (NS, 0.26%) diet or high‐sodium (HS, 8%) diet for 14 weeks: (i) Wistar rats on NS diet (Wistar‐NS); (ii) Wistar rats on HS diet (Wistar‐HS); (iii) WBKDF rats on NS diet (WBKDF‐NS); (iv) WBKDF rats on HS diets (WBKDF‐HS). Neither WBKDF‐NS nor Wistar‐NS rats showed significant changes in SBP throughout the experiment, but both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS exhibited significant elevation of SBP, which was more prominent (P<.01) in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. Phenylephrine‐induced contractions of isolated thoracic aortic rings were significantly (P<.01) enhanced in WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS compared with the respective strain of rats on the NS diet. In contrast, acetylcholine‐ and nitroprusside‐induced relaxation were significantly (P<.01) diminished in both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS, and these HS diet‐induced changes were more profound (P<.01) in WBKDF rats than in Wistar rats. Significantly (P<.05) higher plasma concentrations of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F_2α and sodium ions were observed in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. The current study demonstrated that WBKDF‐HS rats developed salt‐sensitive hypertension associated with vascular dysfunction. The WBKDF rat may be a useful model for investigating the etiology of hypertension with T2DM.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定食品中环已基氨基磺酸钠研究

目的　研究环已基磺酸钠在不同溶剂中毛细管柱中的色谱行为 ,探索用不同的色谱条件测定环已基磺酸钠的最佳分析结果。方法　采用氢火焰—气相色谱法 (FID -GC)。结果　在最佳条件下结果显示在0 .4～ 1.2mg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系 (r =0 .9993) ,3份样品测定 6次其相对标准偏差为RSD(% )为 3.1、2 .2、3.9。方法的回收率 95 .4 %～ 10 0 .6 % ,检测限为 0 .2mg/kg。 结论　本法简单、快速、准确、易于操作 ,适用于果汁、蜜饯等食品中环乙基磺酸钠的测定。     

帕瑞昔布钠在经产妇剖宫产术后的镇痛作用及安全性分析

目的 观察帕瑞昔布钠在经产妇剖宫产术后减轻子宫收缩痛的作用及其安全性.方法 选取本院2015年2月至2016年2月收治的76例拟行剖宫产的经产妇为观察对象,根据麻醉用药方法分为对照组和观察组各38例.对照组于术后常规应用缩官素和镇痛泵,而观察组加用帕瑞昔布钠镇痛.观察两组患者疼痛程度、24 h出血量和子宫复旧程度.结果 术后2、6、lOh时观察组的VAS评分均明显低于对照组(t=3.076、5.551、4.232、1.043;P=0.023、0.006、0.012、0.144),产妇疼痛程度较轻.而术后24 h,两组疼痛程度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对照组产妇24 h出血量及子宫复旧程度与观察组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 帕瑞昔布钠应用于经产妇剖官产有显著的镇痛作用,安全性可靠.     

益视明目颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立益视明目颗粒的质量标准。方法 用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别制剂中的枸杞子、丹参;用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量测定丹参素钠的含量。色谱柱：Kromasil C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流速：0.4 ml/min;检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;进样量：10 μl;流动相：甲醇-0.5%醋酸水溶液（10∶90）。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰可见、阴性干扰小,可用于鉴别益视明目颗粒中的枸杞、丹参;丹参素钠在2.00~60.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7（n=6）,平均加样回收率105.6%,RSD=1.60%。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、可靠性高、重现性好,可作为控制益视明目颗粒质量的有效方法。     

3种抗癫痫药物血药浓度监测1 098例次结果的回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：分析我院2013~2015年抗癫痫药物血药浓度监测（TDM）结果, 为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,收集1 098例次患者使用丙戊酸钠、卡马西平、苯巴比妥的TDM数据并进行统计分析。 结果：1 098例次TDM结果中丙戊酸钠1 009例次,卡马西平65例次,苯巴比妥24例次,3种药品血药浓度在推荐范围内的比例分别为42.6%,64.6%,37.6%。联合用药共31例次,药物浓度均在推荐浓度范围内的8例次(25.8%)。末次给药和采血时间对TDM结果有明显影响。结论：抗癫痫药物血药浓度个体差异大,影响因素多,临床用药应综合考虑各方面因素,实施个体化给药方案, 确保用药安全有效。     

响应面法优化肉苁蓉松果菊苷肠溶微球的制备

目的 制备肉苁蓉松果菊苷肠溶微球,筛选最佳制备工艺,并考察其体外释放特性。方法 用离子凝胶-干燥法制备肉苁蓉松果菊苷肠溶微球,以包封率为考察指标,用响应面法优化其制备工艺。结果 制备肉苁蓉松果菊苷肠溶微球最佳工艺参数：海藻酸钠浓度36.33 mg/ml、氯化钙浓度10.82 mg/ml、壳聚糖浓度10.93 mg/ml。结论 优选的工艺稳定、可行,制备的微球包封率高、缓释效果较好。