Isolation perfusion in extracorporeal circulation with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in the treatment of in-transit metastases from limb cutaneous melanoma

Background: Therapies of advanced melanoma patients with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and cytotoxic lymphocytes have produced interesting results, but a larger diffusion of these treatments is limited by the severe side effects due to IL-2 systemic infusion. A strictly regional administration of IL-2 and cells by an isolation perfusion (IP) in extracorporeal circulation (ECC) for the treatment of regional melanoma metastases could improve tolerability and efficacy of this specific modality of immunotherapy. Methods: Ten patients were submitted to adoptive immunotherapy with IL-2 and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells by IP in ECC. The schedule of treatment included the first course of a 5-day systemic administration of IL-2 (Proleukin, EuroCetus 9–12 × 10⁶ IU/M²/day continuous infusion); autologous LAK cells were obtained via leukapheresis and after in vitro activation were given (range 8–28 × 10⁹) along with IL-2 (120-2,400 IU/ml of perfusion priming) to the affected limb by IP; IL-2 (9–12×10⁶ IU/m²/day) was also administered by systemic continuous infusion for 5 days starting on the day after IP. Results: All patients concluded the treatment without any major local or systemic toxicities. Clinical responses included one complete and six partial remissions; three patients had stable disease. All patients are alive. Follow-up after IP ranged from 12 to 35 months (median: 22). The analysis of circulating lymphocytes revealed the rapid disappearance of LAK cells, suggesting their extravasation and/or endothelial adhesion in perfused tissues. Conclusions: IP with IL-2 and LAK cells is a new approach for the treatment of in-transit metastases due to cutaneous melanoma. The treatment appears to be feasible and reliable. Further biological and immunological studies should permit amelioration of the present modality of treatment.     

Lymph Node Tumor Volumes in Patients Undergoing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Cutaneous Melanoma

Background: Regional lymph node tumor volumes in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy (SNB) for treatment of cutaneous melanoma have not been described. The objectives of this study were to describe the lymph node tumor volumes typically seen in this population and to correlate tumor volumes with tumor thickness and positive SN characteristics.Methods: Review of a consecutive series of patients with clinically localized cutaneous melanoma who underwent SNB of nonpalpable regional lymph node basins followed by complete lymphadenectomy (LND) was performed. Multiple lymph node sections from positive SNs and nonsentinel nodes (NSNs) in LND specimens were examined microscopically. Individual tumor deposit diameters were measured using an ocular micrometer. Aggregate tumor volumes were calculated for SN and LND specimens. Tumor volumes and SN and LND positivity rates were correlated with tumor thickness, the number of positive SNs, and the presence of multiple SN tumor deposits.Results: SNB procedures were performed for 149 melanomas in 189 regional nodal basins. The mean tumor depth was 2.48 mm. The mean number of SNs/basin was 2.1. Thirty-two of 149 SNB procedures (21.5%) revealed a total of 34 nodal basins with at least one positive SN. The median tumor volume in positive SNs was 4.7 mm³ (range, 0.1-3618 mm³; mean, 209 mm³). The median aggregate tumor volume in positive LND specimens was 4.9 mm³ (range, 0.1-3618 mm³; mean, 224 mm³). Six basins (17.6%) contained at least one positive NSN. The regional node aggregate tumor volume correlated weakly with tumor thickness (Pearsons correlation coefficient = .302, P = .0934). NSN positivity was not predicted by tumor thickness, American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor stage, number of positive SNs, or number of metastatic deposits within SNs.Conclusions: Most melanoma-positive SNs contain minute tumor volumes. Tumor thickness and patterns of SN metastases may not be predictive of tumor burden or the presence of positive NSNs.     

THE HUMORAL ANTITUMOR RESPONSES INDUCED BY IL-4 GENE-MODIFIED TUMOR VACCINE

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Effect of single and multiple administration of an O 6-benzylguanine/temozolomide combination: an evaluation in a human melanoma xenograft model

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of O ⁶-benzylguanine (O ⁶-BG) on the antitumour activity and toxicity of 8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo [5, 1-d ] -1,2,3,5-tetrazine-4(3H)-one (temo-zolomide) in a human malignant melanoma xenograft model following single and multiple administration of the combination. O ⁶-BG irreversibly inactivates the DNA-repair protein O ⁶-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), which confers resistance to temozolomide. Preadministration of O ⁶-BG (35 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h prior to temozolomide (i.p.) was examined using single and daily × 5 dosing regimens in athymic mice bearing subcutaneous A375P xenografts. The AGT activity of A375P tumors was 95 ± 8 fmol/mg protein (mean ± SE, n = 4). O ⁶-BG alone completely suppressed xenograft AGT activity within 1 h of administration but had no effect upon tumor growth. O ⁶-BG did not significantly increase the tumor growth delay induced by a single 200-mg/kg dose of temozolomide (P>0.05, two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) but did increase the associated mean body weight loss (P<0.025). In contrast, when the same dose of temozolomide was divided into five equal fractions (40 mg/kg) and given with O ⁶-BG on 5 consecutive days, a comparable increase in toxicity was accompanied by a very significant increase in tumor growth delay (P<0.0025), equivalent to that produced by a 3-fold greater dose of temozolomide alone. O ⁶-BG with temozolomide also produced a greater antitumour effect than an equitoxic dose of temozolomide alone on this schedule (P<0.005). These data indicate that the enhancement of temozolomide antitumour activity by O ⁶-BG preadministration is dependent upon the schedule of drug administration, with multiple dosing of O ⁶-BG + temozolomide producing the greatest effect. The results also suggest that prolonged administration of the combination can lead to an increase in the therapeutic index of temozolomide. Received: 8 September 1996 / Accepted: 8 February 1997     

The prognostic role of the sentinel lymph node in clinically node-negative patients with cutaneous melanoma: experience of the Genoa group

AIM: To define the benefit of intraoperative frozen section examination of the sentinel lymph node (sN), and to assess its prognostic value in clinically node-negative melanoma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1993 and December 2001, 214 patients with Stage I-II cutaneous melanoma underwent sN biopsy; complete follow-up data are available in 169 of 175 patients who underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, lymphatic mapping with Patent Blue-V and radio-guided surgery (RGS). RESULTS: In an initial subset, the sN was identified in 35 out of 39 patients; in the principal group of 169 patients, the sN was detected in all patients. The benefit of frozen section examination, that is the proportion of all patients having intraoperative histologic examination who tested positive, was 17.2% (29/169); notably, in patients with pT(1-2) vs pT(3-4) melanoma the corresponding values were 2.3 and 33.3%, respectively, (P=0.000). Cox regression analysis for overall survival indicated that sN-positive patients had a two-fold increased risk of death; the most significant predictors of relapse-free survival were sN status (P=0.004), age (P=0.015), and T stage grouping (P=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The sN is a reliable predictor of regional lymph node status in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Frozen section examination can be useful in avoiding a 'two-stage' operative procedure in patients with tumour-positive sN, but its greatest benefit seems to be restricted to patients with pT(3)-pT(4) primary melanoma.     

雷公藤甲素通过PTEN表达调控Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制黑色素瘤的机制研究

目的:探讨雷公藤甲素的抗黑色素瘤作用是否与PTEN表达及Wnt/β-catenin通路相关。方法:实验分为5组:空白对照组、雷公藤甲素(20 nmol/L)组、β-catenin抑制剂(5μmol/L IWR-1-endo)组、雷公藤甲素+β-catenin抑制剂组、ATRA(100μmol/L)组。分别采用CCK8法、Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色法、实时定量PCR法和Western blot法检测各组A375细胞活力、凋亡率及PTEN、β-catenin、Bcl-2、Caspase-3、PCNA mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果:雷公藤甲素、β-catenin抑制剂和ARTA处理能抑制A375细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,在增强Caspase-3和PTEN表达的同时抑制β-catenin、Bcl-2、PCNA的表达。结论:雷公藤甲素能抑制黑色素瘤细胞A375的增殖并诱导其凋亡,该作用可能是通过增加PTEN的表达进而抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活来实现。     

外伤相关黑素瘤87例临床病理特点与预后分析

目的:分析外伤相关黑素瘤的临床病理特点及其与患者预后间的关系。方法:回顾性分析2009—2020年第四军医大学西京皮肤医院87例外伤相关黑素瘤的临床病理特点,通过Mann-Whitney检验分析不同年龄、性别患者间肿瘤Breslow厚度的差异;通过Spearman秩相关分析外伤至发现皮疹的时间与Breslow厚度之间的...     

原发性宫颈恶性黑色素瘤13例临床分析

目的：提高对原发性宫颈恶性黑色素瘤的认识及治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析2013年1月—2019年12月郑州大学附属肿瘤医院收治的13例经病理确诊为原发性宫颈恶性黑色素瘤患者的病例资料,分析其临床特征、治疗及预后情况。结果：13例患者年龄30～64岁,平均（51.1±10.8）岁,国际妇产科联盟（International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO）2018版分期Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期1例,Ⅳ期5例。6例ⅠA～ⅡA期患者行手术治疗,其中2例仅观察,3例术后接受化疗,1例接受化疗+免疫治疗。2例ⅡB～Ⅲ期患者及2例Ⅳ期患者接受放疗+化疗。其余3例Ⅳ期患者接受化疗、局部放疗、免疫治疗或靶向治疗的综合治疗。中位随访时间12个月（7～84个月）,9例死亡,3例远处转移,中位总生存期38个月。结论：原发性宫颈恶性黑色素瘤是一种较为罕见但恶性程度极高的肿瘤,预后差,易远处转移。手术切除是早期患者的主要治疗方式,不能进行根治性手术的患者可选择免疫及靶向治疗的综合治疗方法。     

黑色素瘤相关抗原A3基因在肿瘤中的表达、机制调控及相关应用

黑色素瘤相关抗原A3（melanoma-associated antigen A3,MAGE-A3）表达于多种恶性肿瘤,而在正常组织中不表达（除睾丸和胎盘外）,具有肿瘤特异性,也是肿瘤特异性免疫治疗的理想靶点。在恶性肿瘤中MAGE-A3表达调控机制尚不明确,通过基因甲基化/脱甲基化、抑制抑癌基因p53的转录活性、调控caspase作用、作为靶基因接受成纤维细胞生长因子受体2信号通路的作用等,使其发挥生物学功能。未来,利用其制备多基因联合修饰的肿瘤基因工程疫苗,精确地诊断、判断预后,并且在肿瘤疾病中做功能性靶向治疗等值得期待。本文就黑色素瘤相关抗原A3基因在肿瘤中的表达、机制调控及相关应用进行综述。     

复发性鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的治疗

目的 探讨鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤复发的原因和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1993～2003年我科收治的11例复发性鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床资料.结果 临床误诊或误治引起的复发患者4例,病理明确手术治疗后复发7例,其中5例为单纯手术后复发,2例为手术加术后放疗后复发.11例复发病例中,局部复发局限于鼻腔及鼻窦7例;局部复发侵犯眼眶、颅底、软腭及硬腭1例;局部复发侵犯腮腺和皮肤1例;面部、眼眶及颅底广泛侵犯者1例;颈部淋巴结转移复发1例.首次复发时间最短为治疗后10个月.所有病例再次手术治疗后的累积生存率为:1年生存率72.7%,2年生存率18.2%,3年生存率9.1%.结论 减少误诊,选择适当的治疗方法是提高复发性鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤治愈的主要手段.