A scoping review of time-use research in occupational therapy and occupational science

Background: Time use is a defining interest within occupational therapy and occupational science. This is evident through the range of contributions to the disciplinary knowledge base. Indeed it has been suggested that time-use methods are amongst the most established research techniques used to explore aspects of human occupation. However, the extent and nature of such activity in occupational therapy and occupational science has not been examined to date. Aim: This study sought to map the extent and nature of time-use research in occupational therapy and occupational science journals and the extent to which studies explored the relationship between time-use and health. Method: A scoping review method was used. Results: Sixty-one studies were included. Scandinavian countries contributed the largest number of studies (n = 16, 26%). While time-use diaries were used most frequently (n = 30, 49%) occupational therapists and occupational scientists have developed a range of data-collection instruments. Forty-nine studies (80%) focused on time-use in clinical or defined population sub-groups. Ten studies (16%) included an empirical examination of the relationship between time-use and health. Conclusion: Future research should examine time-use and health amongst well populations across the lifespan and in different parts of the world.     

Are natural resources bad for health?

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine whether economic dependence on various natural resources is associated with lower investment in health, after controlling for countries׳ geographical and historical fixed effects, corruption, autocratic regimes, income levels, and initial health status. Employing panel data for 118 countries for the period 1990–2008, we find no compelling evidence in support of a negative effect of resources on healthcare spending and outcomes. On the contrary, higher dependence on agricultural exports is associated with higher healthcare spending, higher life expectancy, and lower diabetes rates. Similarly, healthcare spending increases with higher mineral intensity. Finally, more hydrocarbon resource rents are associated with less diabetes and obesity rates. There is however evidence that public health provision relative to the size of the economy declines with greater hydrocarbon resource-intensity; the magnitude of this effect is less severe in non-democratic countries.     

Supporting public involvement in research design and grant development: a case study of a public involvement award scheme managed by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Design Service (RDS)

Background

It is good practice for the public to be involved in developing health research. Resources should be available for researchers to fund the involvement of the public in the development of their grants.

Objective

To describe a funding award scheme to support public involvement in grant development, managed by an NIHR Research Design Service (RDS). Case examples of how the award contributed to successful grant applications and findings from a recent evaluation of the scheme are presented.

Design

A case study of resource provision to support public involvement activities in one region of England.

Participants

University and NHS‐based researchers, and members of the public.

Findings

Between 2009 and 2012, the RDS approved 45 public involvement funding awards (totalling nearly £19 000). These awards contributed to 27 submitted applications at the time of writing, of which 11 were successful (totalling over £7.5 million). The evaluation revealed difficulties encountered by some researchers when involving the public in grant development, which led to suggestions about how the scheme could be improved.

Conclusion

This award scheme represents an efficient method of providing researchers with resources to involve the public in grant development and would appear to represent good value for money.     

医学类高校微生物实验室的安全管理

医学高校微生物实验室的安全管理十分重要,加强微生物实验室的安全管理,应从实验室的建章立制、安全管理教育、培训、日常管理方面着手,使学生树立起安全防范意识,遵守安全制度,养成良好的学习习惯。     

医学院校卫生法学教学的现实困境及优化策略探讨

卫生法学作为医学人文学科的重要课程,在医学院校的课程体系中越来越受到重视。但由于我国卫生法学教育起步较晚,无论是课程的设置、教材的建设还是师资的培养都存在诸多问题。该研究从卫生法学教学的现状和问题入手,提出优化和改革策略,以期为高校的卫生法学教学提供依据。     

现代医学主要困境的重要根源与出路

现代医学在迅猛发展、取得巨大成就的同时,正面临着一些困境和难题。人们在不断反思后发现,长期对医学的片面认识是现代医学面临一系列困境和难题的根源之一;探寻走出现代医学困境的根本出路之一,就是消除公众对医学和健康的片面认识,其关键就是重塑医学人才多维视野能力和素质。这既是走出现代医学困境、促进医学模式转变、满足人们健康需求日益增长的客观需要,也是未来医学人才培养的必然要求。     

Roles and competencies in the nutritional domain for the management of the metabolic diseases and in the hospital setting: A position paper of the Italian College of Academic Nutritionists,MED-49 (ICAN-49)

Epidemiological evidence has confirmed the potential causal relationship between specific dietary factors and non-communicable diseases. However, currently nutrition was shown to be insufficiently integrated into medical education, regardless of the country. Without an adequate nutrition education, it is reasonable to assume that future physicians, as well as other health care professionals, will be not able to provide the highest quality care to patients in preventing and treating non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, the insufficient availability of physicians with specializations in nutrition has posed the basis for the development of non-medical careers in the field of nutrition. The present document was drafting by the Italian College of Academic Nutritionists, MED-49 (ICAN-49), with the aim to provide an overview on the nutritional competency standards covered by several health care professionals (Physicians Clinical Nutrition Specialists, Clinical Dietitians, Professional Clinical Nutrition Specialists, etc) for the prevention of diseases and/or support of pharmacological therapies. The aim of the ICAN 49 is to suggest a major shift in practice opportunities and roles for many nutritionists, especially for the management of the metabolic diseases, and promote a paradigm change: a clinical and educational leadership role for Physician Clinical Nutrition Specialists in the hospital setting.     

从用药分析的视角看临床药学的发展

通过分别从医生和临床药师的角度对同一张处方进行用药分析,探讨临床药师应具备的素质,并对此进行展望。     

抗结核新药药效学特点及相互作用研究

结核病的治疗仍以化疗为主,现有的化疗方案存在疗程长、不良反应多、效果不佳等问题。临床迫切需要开发有效的药物组合方案以提高疗效和缩短疗程。作者对近些年上市和处于研究阶段的抗结核新药药效学特点及相互作用进行简要综述,为抗结核药物的研发及新的药物联合治疗方案提供借鉴。