Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model

BackgroundLow efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing African and Asian countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, remains a major concern and a challenge for global health.MethodsTo understand the effects of protein malnutrition on RV vaccine efficacy, we elucidated the innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) vaccine and virulent human RV (VirHRV) challenge in germ-free (GF) pigs or human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. We also analyzed serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), a predictor of malnutrition, and kynurenine (KYN).ResultsProtein-deficient pigs vaccinated with oral AttHRV vaccine had lower protection rates against diarrhea post-VirHRV challenge and significantly increased fecal virus shedding titers (HIFM transplanted but not GF pigs) compared with their protein-sufficient counterparts. Reduced vaccine efficacy in protein-deficient pigs coincided with altered serum IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ responses to oral AttHRV vaccine and the suppression of multiple innate immune parameters and HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cells post-challenge. In protein-deficient HIFM transplanted pigs, decreased serum KYN, but not TRP levels were observed throughout the experiment, suggesting an association between the altered TRP metabolism and immune responses.ConclusionCollectively, our findings confirm the negative effects of protein deficiency, which were exacerbated in the HIFM transplanted pigs, on innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to HRV and on vaccine efficacy, as well as on TRP-KYN metabolism.     

Early complications,long-term adverse events,and quality of life after duodenal switch and gastric bypass in a matched national cohort

BackgroundInsufficient weight loss is common in super-obese patients (body mass index >50) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Duodenal switch (DS) is more effective; however, it is considered to have an increased complication rate.ObjectivesTo compare early complications (≤30 d), long-term adverse events, and quality of life (QoL) between primary DS and RYGB.SettingSweden.MethodsNational cohort-study of super-obese patients after primary DS or RYGB in Sweden 2007 to 2017. Propensity-score matching was used to reduce confounders. Five national registers were cross-matched.ResultsThe study population consisted of 333 DS and 1332 RYGB (body mass index 55 ± 5 kg/m², 38.5 ± 11 yr, and 60.7% females). Laparoscopic approach was used in 25% of DS and 91% of RYGB. Early complications were more common after DS (15.3% versus 8.1%, P < .01), mainly because of more open surgery and related surgical site infections. During 4.6 ± 2.3 years mean follow-up, hospital admission rate was 1.4 ± 2.3 versus 1.1 ± 3.3 (P = .18), with 6.7 ± 18.3 versus 7.0 ± 43.0 in-hospital days, for DS and RYGB, respectively. An increased risk of malnutrition/malabsorption requiring inpatient care (2.8% versus .2%, odds ratio 12.3 [3.3–45.7]) and greater need for additional abdominal surgery (25.8% versus 15.3%, odds ratio 2.0 [1.5–2.7]) was observed for DS. However, QoL was more improved after DS.ConclusionDS was associated with more early complications because of more open surgery, but long-term requirement of inpatient care was similar to RYGB. The increased risk of malnutrition/malabsorption and need for additional abdominal surgeries was contrasted with a greater improvement in QoL for DS.     

腹膜透析患者营养不良和蛋白质能量摄入不足的因素分析及临床研究

目的观察分析影响腹透患者营养和蛋白质摄入的相关因素,并作临床研究。方法选取2009年²013年来我院进行腹透的患者43例,以SGA法评价患者营养状态并依照结果分成营养良好、轻中度营养不良、重度营养不良组,分别测定三组患者的Scr、ALB、PA、CPR、CH等,对比各组指标结果。结果经评估43例患者中有26(60.5%)例营养良好,11(25.6%)例轻度营养不良,6(13.9%)例重度营养不良,各组间的Scr、ALB、PA、CPR、CH等指标比较具有统计意义(P<0.01)。结论腹透患者发生营养不良的概率很高,且大多是高转运类型,Scr、ALB、PA、CPR、CH等是重要影响因素,及时纠正可显著提高营养状态。     

HIV感染者围手术期营养支持治疗

目的探讨营养不良HIV感染者围手术期营养支持治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2008年10月至2012年2月上海市公共卫生临床中心外科手术治疗的283例HIV感染者的临床资料。283例中营养不良者35例,排除7例因急诊手术未进行术前营养支持治疗,共28例患者纳入研究;营养正常者248例。营养不良患者术前5—7d给予营养支持,术后所有患者给予营养支持。对营养不良患者免疫功能、营养状况、手术切口感染、术后脓毒症和围手术期病死率进行分析。计量资料采用配对t检验,计数资料采用列联表,检验。结果营养不良患者经过术前营养支持治疗后,CD4、CD8、Hb分别为（205±24）×10。个／L、（559±55）×10。个／L、（103±24）g／L,明显高于未治疗前的（150±33）×10。个／L、（491±45）×10。个／L、（97±19）g／L（t=-2．561,-1．302,-1．349,P〈0．05）;手术治疗第14天复查上述指标分别为（197±43）×10。个／L、（547±52）×10。个／L、（103±22）g／L,较术前营养支持治疗后略有下降,但差异无统计学意义（t=-1．108,0．600,-0．148,P〉0．05）。营养不良患者手术切口感染率为42．9％（12／28）,低于营养正常患者的45．2％（112／248）,但两者比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。营养不良患者术后脓毒血症发生率和围手术期病死率分别为75．0％（21／28）和3．6％（1／28）,明显高于营养正常患者的32．7％（81／248）和0．8％（2／248）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论HIV感染者在围手术期进行合理的营养支持治疗在-定程度上能够提高患者的免疫能力。     

西藏地方性膀胱结石患儿一例并文献复习

目的探讨西藏地方性膀胱结石的防治方法。方法分析l例西藏地方性膀胱结石患儿的临床资料,记录体质量,评估营养状况。并在文献复习的基础上对其临床表现、影像学检查、实验室检查、诊断治疗方法及可能预防措施进行讨论。结果患儿轻度营养不良,2枚膀胱结石最大径分别为2．0及1．5cm,经膀胱切开取石术治愈,排尿中断的症状消失。随访8周无结石残留及复发。结论地方性膀胱结石是一种少见疾病。诊断主要依靠超声检查、腹部X线平片,有时需要借助CT扫描。对边远地区患儿及较大、多发膀胱结石患儿及膀胱容量≤50ml患儿可选择膀胱切开取石术,其优点是操作简单、手术时间短、净石率高。改善膳食结构、纠正营养不良可能预防原发性地方性膀胱结石发生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并抑郁患者的营养状况风险评估

目的对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并抑郁患者中营养不良的风险进行筛查评估。方法随机选取2009年10月-2011年10月住院期间COPD患者92例,行抑郁自评量表（SDS）及汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAD）测评,营养风险筛查（NRS2002）评分进行营养风险筛查。结果患者营养状况对不同抑郁状态的COPD患者影响有差别,无营养不良的COPD患者与合并无营养不良的COPD患者相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论存在营养风险的COPD患者更易罹患抑郁,要对患者的营养不良及抑郁状态的改善进行长期治疗。     

Nutritional assessment in patients with liver cirrhosis

Malnutrition is a liver cirrhosis complication affecting more than 20%-50% of patients. Although the term can refer to either nutrient deficiency or excess, it usually relates to undernutrition in cirrhosis settings. Frailty is defined as limited physical function due to muscle weakness, whereas sarcopenia is defined as muscle mass loss and an advanced malnutrition stage. The pathogenesis of malnutrition in liver cirrhosis is multifactorial, including decreased oral intake, maldigestion/malabsorption, physical inactivity, hyperammonemia, hypermetabolism, altered macronutrient metabolism and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Patients with chronic liver disease with a Body Mass Index of < 18.5 kg/m² and/or decompensated cirrhosis or Child-Pugh class C are at the highest risk of malnutrition. For patients at risk of malnutrition, a detailed nutritional assessment is required, typically including a history and physical examination, laboratory testing, global assessment tools and body composition testing. The latter can be done using anthropometry, cross-sectional imaging including computed tomography or magnetic resonance, bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A multidisciplinary team should screen for and treat malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis. Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with an increased risk of complications and a poor prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis; thus, it is critical to diagnose these conditions early and initiate the appropriate nutritional therapy. In this review, we describe the prevalence and pathogenesis of malnutrition in liver cirrhosis patients and discuss the best diagnostic approach to nutritional assessment for them.     

Prevalencia del síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación y su correlación con las hormonas tiroideas en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica

Introduction

Low levels of thyroid hormones, total triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in haemodialysis patients is a marker of malnutrition and inflammation and are predictors of mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis and its relationship with the thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and free thyroxine (FT4), as well as to evaluate the prevalence of low FT3 syndrome and its correlation with nutritional and inflammatory markers.

妇科恶性肿瘤患者营养风险、营养不足及营养支持状况的调查

目的 调查手术治疗的妇科恶性肿瘤住院患者营养风险和营养不足发生率以及营养支持状况.方法 采用定点连续抽样,以2013年1月1日至12月31日在北京医院妇科住院、接受手术治疗的237例恶性肿瘤患者为研究对象,入院后第2天早晨进行营养风险筛查,营养风险筛查评分≥3分认为存在营养风险,营养不足判断标准遵循营养风险筛查2002方法,描述其术后营养支持状态.结果 营养风险筛查的适用率为100％;营养不足占5.1％ （12/237）,其中≥65岁者营养不足发生率（9.2％）显著高于＜65岁者（2.7％）（P=0.034）;妇科恶性肿瘤总营养风险发生率为21.1％（50/237）,其中≥65岁者营养风险发生率（29.9％）显著高于＜65岁者（16.0％）（P=0.014）;卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌患者的营养不足和营养风险发生率相对较高,而阴道癌和外阴癌患者的发生率相对较低;237例患者中,术后接受营养支持者共47例（19.8％）,均为肠外营养,其中,应用“全合一”肠外营养者13例（5.5％）,单瓶输注（给予“葡萄糖、脂肪乳、氨基酸”中两种以上者）34例（14.3％）.无接受管饲肠内营养的病例;存在营养风险的50例患者中,接受肠外营养支持33例（66％）;无营养风险的187例患者中,接受肠外营养支持14例（7.5％）.结论 妇科恶性肿瘤住院患者存在营养风险;但老年患者营养风险发生率较高,应加强对老年患者的术后营养支持.     

早期营养不良对糖代谢影响的研究进展

早期营养不良和成年后代谢性疾病的关系非常密切,且越来越受到关注。研究发现,早期营养不良可通过表观遗传修饰影响肝脏、胰腺、骨骼肌等器官的发育及基因表达水平的改变,从而导致生后以糖代谢紊乱为中心的代谢综合征（metabolicsyndrome,MS）发生。