Cytology of transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: diagnostic yield and histologic basis.

The diagnostic yield of cytology in histologically proven transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder has been studied in 100 cases. Cytohistologic correlation rates were 20 percent, 61.7 percent, and 92.8 percent, respectively, for grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors. When further evaluated, G2 cases were segregated into 2 subcategories, G2a and G2b, based on histologic preservation of nuclear polarity, pleomorphism, and other cellular irregularities. Correlation rates were rather low for G2a cases (6/18, 33%) and high for G2b cases, (23/29; 79%). The prevalence of atypical cells was 2 (11.1%) cases in G2a and 16 (55.2%) cases in G2b. The results of this study confirm that cytology has an extremely varying diagnostic yield in urinary bladder TCC. Greater cell exfoliation, increased atypia, and a tendency to infiltration of G2b and G3 cases probably account for the higher diagnostic yield detected in these groups.     

Radium-228 determination of natural waters via concentration on manganese dioxide and separation using Diphonix ion exchange resin

The objective of this work was to establish a new procedure for ²²⁸Ra determination of natural waters via preconcentration of radium on MnO₂ and separation of its daughter, ²²⁸Ac, using Diphonix ion exchange resin. Following removal of potential interferences via passage through an initial Diphonix Resin column, the first daughter of ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁸Ac, is isolated by chromatographic separation via a second Diphonix column. A holding time of >30 h for ²²⁸Ac ingrowth in between the two column separations ensures secular equilibrium. Barium-133 is used as a yield tracer. Actinium-228 is eluted from the second Diphonix Resin with 5 ml 1 M 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) and quantified by addition of scintillation cocktail and LSC counting. Radium (and ¹³³Ba) from the load and rinse solutions from the 2nd Diphonix column may be prepared for alpha spectrometry (for determination of ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, and ²²⁶Ra) by BaSO₄ microprecipitation and filtration. Decontamination tests indicate that U, Th, and Ra series nuclides do not interfere with these measurements, although high contents of ⁹⁰Sr (⁹⁰Y) require additional treatment for accurate measurement of ²²⁸Ra. Addition of stable Sr as a “hold back” carrier during the initial MnO₂ preconcentration step was shown to remove most ⁹⁰Sr interference.     

电子时代的医学图书馆馆员和循证医学

简要阐述了循证医学的概念及其基本特点,探讨了电子时代循证医学对于医学图书馆员的要求,同时提出了电子时代医学图书馆员应该具备的知识和技能.     

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED TRUCUT BIOPSY

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is sensitive for staging gastrointestinal malignancies and pancreatic lesions. EUS‐fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) offers a diagnostic accuracy of about 60–90% for pancreatic tumors and > 90% for lymph nodes. There are several limitations of EUS‐FNA including the need for on‐site cytopathology review. In addition, accuracy of cytologic review is hampered by the presence of blood, benign epithelial cells, desmoplasia, and well‐differentiated tumors. Furthermore, the small biopsy sample and destruction of tissue architecture limits the diagnostic sensitivity for GISTs and lymphomas. Many of these problems can be overcome with use of EUS trucut biopsy (TCB) needles. These large caliber, cutting needles acquire larger tissue samples allowing preservation of tissue architecture and histologic examination. Our recently described experience with EUS‐TCB initially in swine and later humans demonstrated the safety for acquiring histologic tissue representative of the target organs sampled enabling accurate diagnosis. These studies suggested greater diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐TCB for submucosal mass lesions and lymphoma and potentially the need for fewer needle passes for solid pancreatic neoplasms. In this paper we will review the current TCB literature, device design and technique, help troubleshoot potential problems, and offer opinion as to the utility and role of this new device.     

Double layer capacitance and a microscopic structure of electrified liquid–liquid interfaces

We develop a theory of the double layer at electrolyte–electrolyte interfaces taking in to account the microscopic structure of the interfacial region. This includes a “mixed boundary layer” where the overlapping of two space-charge regions occurs, and the effects of ion association and adsorption at the interface. Theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained for various organic solvents and electrolytes. The theory suggests a framework for the treatment of the capacitance data and establishes a relationship between experimental results and the microscopic structure of interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES).     

自制与进口氯化十六烷基吡啶抑菌作用的比较研究

以液体稀释法比较了自制与进口十六烷基吡啶作用于4种口腔常见微生物的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度的实验结果,经t检验证明两者间无显著差异,提示自制氯化十六烷基吡啶的药效质量可靠。并就控制接种菌量及杀菌机理等问题作了初步探讨。     

Axonal swellings in human intramuscular nerves.

The presence, morphology, distribution, and abundance of axonal swellings in intramuscular nerves were evaluated. Axonal swellings were present in intramuscular nerves in 42% of 127 muscle biopsies from patients with a variety of conditions. The incidence was highest in muscle from patients with peripheral neuropathy, but swellings were present in muscle from patients with motor neuron disease, primary muscle diseases, and some individuals without clinical or histological evidence of neuromuscular disease. The greatest number of swellings in intramuscular nerves was in muscle from patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Swellings were spherical or elliptical, 4-20 microns in diameter, 5-30 microns in length, and composed of neurofilaments. Swellings were present only in myelinated axons of intramuscular nerves, proximal to nodes of Ranvier or in internodal regions. Swellings were not associated with axonal degeneration. They were probably not transported. The formation or accumulation of swellings may reflect altered axonal dynamics common to a number of disease processes.     

马来西亚寒邪致病及其证治初探

根据第一作者在马来西亚从事中医临床工作50余年的经验,以中医理论为指导,探讨了在炎热的马来西亚,寒邪致病的可能性、客观性以及寒邪致病的病因、病机、临床表现特征及其治疗方法。     

体外细胞培养检验“方证对应”关系的方法学研究

目的通过在体外细胞培养中加入中药复方粗提制剂对具有典型的中医证型的肺癌患者的外周血淋巴细胞NK活性的影响，探索能否在体外实验中反映“方证对应”关系。方法以水煎醇沉法制备两种中药复方（益气养阴和健脾化痰）的粗提制剂，取具有典型的中医证型（气阴两虚或脾虚痰湿证型）的肺癌患者的外周血淋巴细胞，将同一个患者的标本分为四个体外实验组，即空白对照组，中药5mg／ml组及10mg／ml组，自细胞介素2（250^u/ml，阳性对照）组。按“辨证论治”原则加入相应的中药复方制剂。体外培养22h或94h，以MTT法检测各组的NK活性。结果无论培养22h或94h，中药组的NK活性与对照组比较皆无显著性差异（P〉0．05），而白细胞介素2（阳性对照）组的NK括性均明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论两种中药复方制剂都未能在体外反应出“方证对应”的效果，说明中药粗提制剂直接用于体外细胞培养，其结果的可靠性差。     

鱼腥草止咳口服液治疗难治性肺炎的临床观察

目的:观察鱼腥草止咳口服液对难治性肺炎患者的临床疗效,并探讨其作用机理。方法:65例患者随机分成两组,治疗组35例,对照组30例。对照组采用西医常规治疗,治疗组在同对照组治疗基础上加用鱼腥草止咳口服液口服,观察两组患者症状及体征的改善情况,并检测治疗前后外周血IL-2和TNF-α的变化。结果:治疗后总有效率:治疗组为94.3%,对照组为83.3%,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗组在增加外周血IL-2及降低TNF-α水平方面明显优于对照组。结论:鱼腥草止咳口服液治疗难治性肺炎具有显著疗效,尤其在镇咳、平喘、抗炎、退热及促进排痰、肺部啰音和炎症消失、毒副作用等方面具有明显优势。