Behavioral effects of MK-801 in the rat

Several experiments were conducted to study the effects of the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, on learning and memory in the rat. Rats displayed impaired performance on several sensorimotor tests and appeared grossly intoxicated when treated IP with 0.2 mg/kg MK-801, but not when treated with lower doses (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg). Postacquisition performance on two spatial learning tasks involving working memory protocols (reinforced alternation and radial arm maze) was impaired by MK-801 at intoxicating doses (0.2 mg/kg) but not at lower doses (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg). Using a position habit reversal task, we found that rats could learn to reverse a position habit while under the influence of a nonintoxicating dose of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), but when tested on the following day performed as if they did not recall what they had learned. Thus, acute administration of a nonintoxicating dose of MK-801 disrupts the retention of new information learned under the influence of the drug but does not interfere with the performance of tasks that are well learned before the drug is administered. Whether the performance deficits on the spatial learning tasks observed only following intoxicating doses of MK-801 reflect an effect on memory is not clear.     

吗啡成瘾对大鼠及小鼠学习与记忆能力影响的实验研究

目的 研究吗啡成瘾对大鼠及小鼠学习与记忆能力的影响。方法 将２４只ＳＤ大鼠昆明小鼠分别随机分成３组;即吗啡成瘾组、吗啡成瘾后戒断组和对照组。然后分组对动物进行Ｍorris水迷宫训练。结果（1）在Morris水迷宫掩蔽平台次训练中,吗啡成瘾组动物（大鼠和小鼠）的逃避潜伏期对与对照组及吗啡戒断组动物相比,均明显延长（P＜0．01）;（2）对照组动物的逃避潜伏期最短;（3）在Morris水迷宫可见平台学习中,无论是大鼠还是小鼠,三组动物逃避潜伏期均随着学习训练逐渐缩短,无明显组间差别（P＞0．05）。结论 吗啡成瘾可明显损害动物的学习记忆能力。     

小学生学习困难综合干预前瞻性研究

目的 验证综合干预治疗小学生学习困难（ＬＤ）的效果。方法 ８４例ＬＤ学生分成干预组（４３例）和不干预组（４１例）作对照,用教育、家庭、学校干预和心理治疗及药物治疗进行综合干预。结果 二年后,干预组有效率（７６．７４％）、学习成绩及智商明显高于不干预组,ＬＤ和行为问题发生率明显低于后者（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）。结论 综合干预是通过增强学生学习自信心,减少或消除心理行为问题,提高智力水平等综合发挥效     

电针肾俞、膈俞、百会穴对拟血管性痴呆学习记忆障碍小鼠水迷宫实验的影响

目的　观察电针肾俞、膈俞、百会穴对拟血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响。方法　复制脑缺血再灌注拟血管性痴呆小鼠模型 ,并电针肾俞、膈俞、百会穴 ,分别于术后 7天、15天、30天 ,与药物喜德镇对照 ,采用水迷宫法 ,记录游全程时间、错误次数。结果　造模导致了小鼠学习与记忆能力下降 ,表现为游全程时间延长 ,错误次数增加 ,且随着观察时间的延长 ,这种改变逐渐加重。电针和喜德镇均可使模型小鼠的游全程时间缩短 ,错误次数减少 ,但电针组于 7天和 30天时 ,成绩显著优于药物组。结论　电针肾俞、膈俞、百会穴对模型小鼠学习与记忆能力下降有改善和提高作用     

The acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen self-testing: A cross-sectional study in China

Compared with the nucleic acid amplification test (NATT), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapid antigen self-testing (RAST) has advantages in speed and convenience. However, little is known about people's acceptance and influencing factors for SARS-CoV-2 RAST. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 21 to 30, 2022 in China. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the influencing factors. The structural equation model was used to test the extended protective motivation theory (PMT) model hypotheses. Among the total of 5107 participants, 62.5% were willing to accept the SARS-CoV-2 RAST. There were significant differences in acceptance among different residences (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), monthly income (p < 0.001), travel frequency (p < 0.05), and feelings about NATT (p < 0.001). Response efficacy (β = 0.05; p = 0.025) and self-efficacy (β = 0.84; p < 0.001) had a positive effect, while response cost showed a negative effect (β = −0.07; p < 0.001). The public's major concerns about SARS-CoV-2 RAST are its reliability, testing method, price, and authority. Overall, a moderate intention to use SARS-CoV-2 RAST was found among the Chinese population. The extended PMT can be used for the prediction of intention to accept the RAST. We need to take measures to increase people's acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 RAST.     

Behavioral significance of phasic changes in mesolimbic dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal associated with heroin self-injections

Summary High-speed chronoamperometry with monoamine-selective carbon fiber electrodes was used in rats to monitor, during 5–6 consecutive daily sessions, changes in DA-dependent electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during intravenous heroin (0.1 mg/kg) self-administration (SA) behavior and passive repeated drug injections performed with a temporal scheme similar to that in the SA experiment. In trained animals, biphasic signal fluctuations time-locked to the individual lever-presses were found to accompany all but the first daily SAs. The signal gradually increased by 30–40 nM for the 10 minutes preceding the SA, reached a peak at the moment of lever-press and decreased abruptly by 40 nM for 3–4 min after heroin SA. The cycle then repeated, reaching a new peak at the moment of the next lever-press. Rapid bi-directional fluctuations in signal associated with individual heroin SAs were superimposed on substantial tonic increase in signal baseline (400–500 nM). This increase quickly developed after presentation of heroin-related light cue and the first SA, was relatively stable during all subsequent SAs and decreased towards the baseline after the last SA of a session. Changes in signal baseline induced by repeated heroin SAs depended strongly upon the signal's basal level (r=– 0.787); that signal preferentially increased when its basal values were low (0–300 nM), and decreased when signal was tonically elevated (> 600 nM). Repeated passive heroin injections also induced biphasic signal fluctuations and a similar tonic increase in signal baseline. Although a transient signal decrease (25 nM for 2–4 minutes) followed by a prolonged signal increase occurred after each but not the first passive injection, the gradual pre-injection signal acceleration was absent.Although DOPAC, a principal DA metabolite, may significantly contribute to the tonic increase in electrochemical signal seen during SA session, the changes in extracellular DA may be the main contributor to both the rapid signal increases preceding drug-taking and the transient signal decreases following heroin SA. If so, the present findings suggest that activation of mesolimbic DA cells and increase in DA transmission may be involved in the mediation of motivational and/or activational components of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. An acute termination of previous drug- and behavior-associated DA activation with a transient inhibition of DA release, immediately following heroin SA may correlate with the drug's rewarding action, representing a part of a mechanism regulating drug-taking behavior.     

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on intrinsic motivation

This study examines first the relationship of perceived motivational climate and goal orientation to indices of intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and amotivation, and second their respective role in predicting these indices of motivation. A total of 160 students enrolled in physical activity classes volunteered to participate. Results of Pearson correlation analyses indicated that students who perceived their class climate as emphasizing mastery were more likely to feel self-determined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived motivational climate was a better predictor of all indices of motivation than goal orientations. Results, discussed according to the achievement goal perspective and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, highlight a possible motivational process explaining how the motivational climate overrides goal orientations.     

Psychomotor retardation and anhedonia in depression

Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, and observed changes in psychomotor performance are frequent psychopathological phenomena in major depression with possible common neurobiological mechanisms. Interest, pleasure and reactivity to pleasurable stimuli contribute to movement generation and observable behaviour. Therefore the relationship between anhedonia and psychomotor retardation was studied in 48 depressed patients. Subjectively experienced anhedonia correlated with self-rated but not with observer-rated global severity of depression. There was a significant correlation between anhedonia and psychomotor retardation assessed with the Widlöcher Retardation Scale. The results suggest the existence of an empirical relationship between reduced ability to experience pleasure and observable psychomotor retardation in depression. Specific measures of psychomotor phenomena may provide further insights into the relationship between observable behaviour and self-experienced symptoms in depression.