城乡二元户籍制度下的我国劳动力市场分析

分析户口迁移政策改革的成本与收益 ,对我国劳动力市场跨地区流动进行了实证分析 ,认为实现劳动力的自由迁移不仅符合政府部门的利益而且可以减少城乡收入差距 ,实现政府的目标     

不同浓度瑞芬太尼用于分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察不同浓度的瑞芬太尼用于分娩镇痛的临床疗效，以确定最佳剂量。方法选择自然分娩的足月初产妇180例，随机分为A、B、C三组，每组60例，瑞芬太尼静脉输注的浓度分别为0.02μg/（kg·min）、0.04μg/（kg·min）和0.06μg/（kg·min），比较各组的产程时间、宫缩疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、产妇生命体征、应用催产素及器械情况、剖宫产率及新生儿Apgar评分和胎儿胎心率。结果产妇在第一、第二、第三产程持续时间、剖宫产率、催产素使用及器械使用比较差异无统计学意义；A、B两组Ramsay评分相比差异无统计学意义，但C组最高（P＜0.05）；C组出现20例低氧血症，1例出现过度镇静，表现为SpO2迅速下降、嗜睡，但停药并辅助呼吸90 s后恢复；与A、B两组相比，C组新生儿Apgar评分在出生后1 min较低（P＜0.05），但经吸氧5 min后评分均达到10分；A、B两组药物对胎儿胎心率无显著影响，C组有一定影响。结论瑞芬太尼实施分娩镇痛，此药背景输注速度以0.04μg/（kg·min）时镇痛完善，并发症少。     

Male labor migration,patriarchy, and the awareness-behavior gap: HIV risks and prevention among migrants’ wives in Armenia

Unlike in most of the world, HIV incidence in the former Soviet Union continues to rise. While international labor migration has been identified as a potentially important contributor to this trend, most attention has been focused on risks of male migrants themselves. This study uses recent household survey data to examine HIV-related perceptions and actions of migrants’ left-behind wives in Armenia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses show that migrants’ wives are significantly more likely to suspect their husbands of extramarital sex than are non-migrants’ wives. The analyses detect greater worries about HIV infection and a higher likelihood of spousal communication on HIV matters among migrants’ wives, compared to non-migrants’ wives, but these differences are largely explained by the suspicion of husband’s extramarital sex. Finally, no difference between the two categories of women in the probability of consistent condom use with husbands is found. These findings are interpreted within the context of patriarchal culture and unequal gender relations in Armenian society as they are further reinforced by male migration. Implications of these findings for policies to increase women’s awareness of HIV risks associated with migration and their ability to reduce those risks are discussed.     

探讨无保护会阴接生法与传统接生法对会阴裂伤程度的效果比较

目的探讨无保护会阴接生法与传统接生法对会阴裂伤程度的效果比较。方法选取我院2013年11月~2014年3月间接收的516例临产妇作为观察对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各258例,观察组采取无保护会阴接生法,对照组采用传统接生法,比较两组产妇会阴裂伤程度。结果对照组产妇的会阴裂伤程度明显比观察组严重,比较有明显差异,P0.05。结论无保护会阴接生法相对于传统接生法能够明显降低产妇的会阴撕裂程度。     

The effect of variable heart rate decelerations on intraventricular hemorrhage and other perinatal outcomes in preterm infants

Objective: We investigated the hypothesis that repetitive variable heart rate decelerations in labor are associated with an increased incidence of neonatal complications in premature infants. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. Singleton fetuses weighing between 750 and 2500 g at 25-35 weeks' gestation were considered for the study. Fetuses delivered by Cesarean section prior to labor were excluded. Heart rate traces were retrieved from an electronic archive and were assessed for the presence of variable decelerations. Cases had at least three variable decelerations in the hour prior to delivery and were matched 1 : 1 with controls for gestation, sex and birth weight. Results: A review of 6500 deliveries yielded 41 matched pairs. The groups were compared for the following outcomes. Measures of acute morbidity were cord pH at delivery, 5-min Apgar score and resuscitation; measures of chronic morbidity were intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis and death. There was no difference in measures of acute morbidity between the groups. The incidence of chronic morbid outcome measures in the cases was six (15%) vs. one (2.5%) in controls ( p = 0.01). Conclusions: This study suggests that variable decelerations in preterm infants are associated with chronic morbidity, particularly intraventricular hemorrhage through a mechanism independent of fetal acidemia. Further study is required to determine whether these infants would benefit from early Cesarean section.     

Implementation of Robert's Coping with Labor Algorithm© in a large tertiary care facility

Objectiveto implement use of Roberts’ Coping with Labor Algorithm^© (CWLA) with laboring women in a large tertiary care facility.Designthis was a quality improvement project to implement an alternate approach to pain assessment during labor. It included system assessment for change readiness, implementation of the algorithm across a 6-week period, evaluation of usefulness by nursing staff, and determination of sustained change at one month. Stakeholder Theory (Friedman and Miles, 2002) and Deming's (1982) Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle, as adapted by Roberts et al (2010), provided the framework for project implementation.Settingthe project was undertaken on a labor and delivery (L&D) unit of a large tertiary care facility in a southwestern state in the USA. The unit had 19 suites with close to 6000 laboring patients each year.Participantsfull, part-time, and per diem Registered Nurse (RN) staff (N=80), including a subset (n=18) who served as the pilot group and champions for implementing the change.Findingsa majority of RNs held a positive attitude toward use of the CWLA to assess laboring women's coping with the pain of labor as compared to a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). RNs reported usefulness in using the CWLA with patients from a wide variety of ethnicities. A pre-existing well-developed team which advocated for evidence-based practice on the unit proved to be a significant strength which promoted rapid change in practice.Implications for practicethis work provides important knowledge supporting use of the CWLA in a large tertiary care facility and an approach for effectively implementing that change. Strengths identified in this project contributed to rapid implementation and could be emulated in other facilities. Participant reports support usefulness of the CWLA with patients of varied ethnicity. Assessment of change sustainability at 1 and 6 months demonstrated widespread use of the algorithm though long-term determination is yet needed.     

瑞芬太尼在镇痛分娩中的运用研究

目的：研究探讨瑞芬太尼在镇痛分娩中运用的有效性、安全性。方法：选择单胎、头位、自然分娩、无病理性妊娠因素孕妇102例，随机分为两组：瑞芬太尼组（A组）50例，导乐法组（B组）52例。A组在孕妇进入活跃期后，缓慢静注瑞芬太尼0．5μg/kg ，后持续微量注射泵注入0．04μg/（kg · min），孕妇述疼痛加剧时，单次静脉追加0．5μg/kg。B组采用常规非药物镇痛-导乐法分娩。记录宫缩疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、呼吸循环指标、胎心监测情况、新生儿Apgar评分、催产素应用及器械助产情况等指标。结果：A组镇痛后VAS评分各时段均低于B组（P＜0．05），其他呼吸循环、胎心监测、Apgar评分等指标两组无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：瑞芬太尼静注0．5μg/kg复合泵注背景剂量0．04μg/（kg · min）用于分娩镇痛安全有效。     

Sexual Intercourse for Induction of Spontaneous Onset of Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

IntroductionSexual intercourse during pregnancy is commonly believed to trigger the onset of contractions and, therefore, labor. However, in low-risk pregnancies, there is neither association with preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, or low birth weight, nor with spontaneous onset of labor at term.AimTo evaluate the effectiveness of sexual intercourse for spontaneous onset of labor at term in singleton pregnancies.MethodsThe systematic search was conducted using electronic databases from inception of each database to June 2019. Review of articles also included the abstracts of all references retrieved from the search. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials comparing sexual intercourse in singleton low-risk pregnancies at term with controls (either reduced number of coitus or no coitus) for spontaneous onset of labor. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome was the incidence of spontaneous onset of labor. The summary measures were reported as summary relative risk with 95% CI using the random-effects model of DerSimonian and Laird.ResultsData extracted from 3 trials, including 1,483 women with singleton pregnancy at term and cephalic presentation, were analyzed. Women who were randomized in the sexual intercourse group had similar incidence of spontaneous onset of labor compared with control subjects (0.82% vs 0.80%; relative risk 1.02, 95% CI 0.98–1.07).Clinical ImplicationSexual intercourse should not be restricted in low-risk term pregnancies. Further studies are needed to properly evaluate the impact of orgasm, penetration, condom use, frequency of intercourse and other factors on induction of labor at term.Strength & limitationsOur study has several strengths. The three included trials had low risk of allocation bias; intention-to-treat analysis was used; this is the first meta-analysis on this issue so far. Limitations mainly depend on the design of the included studies. Firstly, compliance to the protocol relied on self-reporting by patients; in addition, not all the features of sexual intercourse could be adequately assessed (orgasm, nipple stimulation, sexual positions, etc.).ConclusionIn women with singleton, cephalic, low-risk pregnancies, sexual intercourse at term does not significantly increase the incidence of spontaneous onset of labor.Carbone L, De Vivo V, Saccone G, et al. Sexual Intercourse for Induction of Spontaneous Onset of Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Sex Med 2019;16:1787–1795.