分子病理学研究发现老年人脑白质病变源于慢性低灌注损伤

脑白质病变（white matter lesions，WML）包括脑室旁病变和深部皮质下病变，常见于老年脑组织，随着年龄而增加并且与认知障碍密切相关。WML在颅脑CT表现为低密度，在MRI的他加权相和质子相表现为高密度。组织学研究发现宾斯旺格病（Binswanger disease）和阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer disease，AD）患者脑白质有着诸如髓鞘变薄、轴索脱失、少突胶质细胞丢失、星形胶质细胞增生动脉硬化等改变，推断为可能与脑缺血相关，然而不能排除可溶性β淀粉样蛋白的毒性作用引起神经损害。目前老年人WML的病理机制尚未完全明确。英国谢菲尔德大学（University of Sheffield）学者对捐赠给人群MRC认知功能和衰老研究（CFAS）的脑组织进行脑切片MRI扫描确定WML，并通过研究代表组织缺血和血管病理学的分子标志物在脑组织的表达，发现老年人WML源于慢性低灌注损伤，研究结果发表于近期的《中风》杂志（Stroke，2006，37：1391-1398）。     

Experimental study on inhibitory effect of bridgy duct of hepatic artery on apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells

Objective： To investigate whether the method of bridgy duct established between the recipient＇s spleen artery and the donor＇s gastroduodenal artery could inhibit the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells caused by hepatic artery ischemia. Methods： Twenty-four mongrel dogs from Xi＇an area were used to establish simplified models of dog orthotopic liver transplantation and divided into three groups randomly： HAI group （hepatic artery ischemia group）,BBB group（bypassing the blood by a bridgy duct） and control group. After cold perfusion, The samples were collected from liver and bile duct in each group at different time and fixed in glutaraldehyde and 4% polyformaldehyde respectively. At last, the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells were observed and the apoptotic indexes were calculated. Results： Two hours after cold perfusion, apoptotic phenomenon was common in HAI group, rare in BBB group, while no apoptotic phenomenon was observed in control group. TUNEL staining showed that there was no significant difference in apoptotic index among the three groups immediately after cold perfusion. However, with time going, the apoptotic cells were increased in three groups, and the difference in apoptotic index was significant among three groups （P 〈 0.01 ）. Conclusions： Bridgy duct of hepatic artery can inhibit the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells caused by HAI significantly.     

胃癌细胞凋亡相关基因研究进展

胃癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,死亡率很高。胃癌的发生是细胞凋亡与增殖调控失衡的结果。现综述细胞凋亡相关基因在胃癌的发生、发展、转归和治疗中的地位及其应用前景。     

树突细胞的免疫调节及在过敏性哮喘中的作用

越来越多的证据表明,树突细胞(DC)在调节获得性免疫中起着重要的作用。DC对来源于微生物感染、变应原、气道组织微环境的信号异常敏感,成熟的DC极化初始的T细胞分化成辅助性T细胞2效应细胞,或者向调节性T细胞分化,诱导免疫耐受的形成。气道在接受到各种炎性刺激信号下,DC迅速从循环系统向气道募集,并在呼吸道黏膜形成一个紧密的网络系统,参与免疫调节反应。动物实验已经证实了DC在引发及维持过敏性气道炎症中的作用,过敏性鼻炎及哮喘患者的气道黏膜DC数目增多,过敏机体与正常机体DC的功能存在差异。该文就DC在过敏性气道炎症中作用的最新研究进展作一综述。     

Th1/Th2免疫应答失衡及其影响因素

辅助性T细胞(Th)1和2可分泌不同的细胞因子,具有不同的免疫功能,且二者的功能相互调节,处于一种平衡状态。母孕期的细胞因子向Th2型偏倚,以维持妊娠;孕母的营养,过敏都会改变胎儿的Th1/Th2平衡状态;胎儿出生后,随着接触不同的抗原,其免疫发育有其自身的特点。细胞因子对Th细胞的分化起着基本的调节作用;树突细胞、调节性T细胞等通过细胞因子网络影响Th1/Th2的平衡。该文就此作一综述。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体与放化疗联用对喉癌细胞的协同杀伤效应及机制

Objective To determine the sensitivity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis in Hep-2 cells by means of systematically evaluating the cytotoxicity of TRAIL alone and TRAIL in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin, paclitaxel) or radiation in Hep-2 cells in vitro, and whether the synergistic killing effects correlated with the expression level of TRAIL receptors and the activity of caspnse-8 or caspase-9. Methods The cytotoxicities of TRAIL, cisplatin and paclitaxel were investigated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression levels of four TRAIL receptors in Hep-2 cells after treated by TRAIL, chemotherapeutic agents or radiation alone and by combined treatments were measured by flow eytometry and Western blotting respectively. The growth inhibition effects of caspase-8 or caspase-9 inhibitor on Hep-2 cells were determined by CCK-8 assay, and the activities of caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were measured by Western blotting. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50) of TRAIL to Hep-2 ceils on 24 h was 596. 92 μg/L Cisplatin, paclitaxel and radiation had synergistic inhibitory effects with TRAIL on the growth of Hep-2 cell line. After the activity of caspase-9 was inhibited by Z-LETD-FMK, the inhibition effects of TRAIL, cisplatin and paclitaxel on Hep-2 cells decreased significantly (all P < 0. 05). The expressions of caspase-8, caspase-9 and the death receptors (DR4 and DR5) increased significantly (all P < 0. 05) after combined administration. Conclusions Hep-2 cells are resistant to the apoptosis induced by TRAIL and TRAIL can induce the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells through the endogenous apeptotic pathway. The increase of death receptors expression by chemotherapeutic agents or radiation could enhance the sensitivity of Hep-2 cells to TRAIL and the synergistic killing effects.     

生物学及病理学检查在神经母细胞瘤诊断治疗中的应用

神经母细胞瘤是最常见的外周神经系统恶性肿瘤,起源于交感神经节和肾上腺髓质细胞,占儿童肿瘤的8%~10%[1]。好发于5岁以内,临床表现差异很大,从自行消退到病情迅速进展,提示其疾病的异质性。因此,合理的分类对判断预后及决定治疗强度十分重要。现就近几年来临床工作中常用的生物学检查及病理检查作一简要介绍。一、MYCN MYCN为MYC癌基因家族成员之一,于1983年首先在神经母细胞瘤细胞系中克隆成功,它位于染色体2p24,主要功能是促进细胞增殖、抑制分化和凋亡[2]。每个正常人体细胞含1个拷贝,并只在胚胎发育期表达。目前发现多种肿瘤存在M…     

充血性心力衰竭患儿血清白细胞介素-18和淋巴细胞CD54变化

目的探讨IL-18和CDs4在小儿充血性心力衰竭（CFIF）发病中的作用，及其对z],JLCFIF的诊断价值。方法CFIF患儿52例，心功能按修订的Ross和Reithman评分系统。心功能Ⅱ级（3～6分）18例、Ⅲ级（7～9分）17例，Ⅳ级（10～12分）17例。原发疾病为扩张性心肌病、心内膜弹力纤维增生症及先天性心脏病等。对照组15例为上呼吸道感染患儿。血清IL-18水平用ELISA法进行测定，采用流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞CDs4表达。结果CFIF患儿血清IL-18及CDs4均显著增高（P均〈0．001），且随CFIF加重渐增加，治疗后两者均较治疗前明显降低（P均〈0．05）；且两者在心肌病组、先天性心脏病组及其他病组3组间比较差异无显著性（P均〉0．05），但均显著高于对照组（P均〈0．01）。结论IL-18和CDs4可能参与小儿CFIF发生发展。可以作为评价CHF严重程度的生物化学标记；CFIF作为一种临床综合征，无论最初病因是否相同，免疫反应可能都具有某些共同特征。     

儿童无菌性脑膜炎83例临床分析

无菌性脑膜炎又称浆液性脑膜炎、淋巴细胞性脑膜炎或病毒性脑膜炎,是多种病毒性神经系统感染的常见表现。主要特征是脑膜刺激症状和脑脊液细胞增多。现收集我院2003年9月~2003年11月间收治入院的83例无菌性脑膜炎患儿资料,分析无菌性脑膜炎的临床表现特点。1临床资料1·1研究对     

端粒酶的调节基因TRAP在皮肤基底细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨端粒酶的调节基因TRAP在皮肤基底细胞癌中的表达情况。方法:用免疫组化S-P法检测TRAP在38例皮肤基底细胞癌、15例正常皮肤中的表达。结果:TRAP在皮肤基底细胞癌的表达高于正常皮肤(P<0.01);在未分化型与分化型基底细胞癌表达的差异无统计学意义。结论:TRAP的异常高表达可能与皮肤基底细胞癌的发病有关。TRAP的表达与基底细胞癌的病理分型无关。