天津市汉沽区媒介生物调查初报

本文报道了天津市汉沽区域媒介生物的调查结果:本地区有蚊类6种;鼠类5种;蝇类31种;蜚蠊类3种;蚤类2种;螨类1种。     

玉溪市蜚蠊种类构成及生态习性的调查研究

玉溪市共捕获:美洲大蠊、德国小蠊、黑胸大蠊、褐斑大蠊、澳洲大蠊、蔗蠊、斑蠊、小钩口大光蠊、丽郝氏蠊、黄缘拟截尾蠊、云南真地鳖等14种。其中,美洲大蠊为优势种,占83.02％,分布全市;澳洲大蠊、庶蠊、斑蠊虽然分布广,但数量较少;高海拔地区及高级酒店以德国小蠊为优势种;黑胸大蠊分布狭小。蜚蠊的分布与房屋结构、建筑年限及卫生状况有较大关系。全年均有活动,但4—10月为高峰期,平均侵害率为74.55％。平均侵害废为++,夜间活动高峰在21～24点。翌日3点以后明显减少。     

上海市静安区(部分)儿童血铅水平状况调查

目的了解本地区儿童血铅水平现状。方法于１９９７年８月对静安区４３７例１４个月～５岁８个月的儿童进行血铅水平测定,并对每个入选儿童进行问卷调查,问卷涉及有关儿童个人情况及家庭、社会、环境等问题。结果４３７名儿童血铅水平从１５μｇ／Ｌ至６９７μｇ／Ｌ,血铅水平均数为９７．０４μｇ／Ｌ,其中血铅水平≥１００μｇ／Ｌ有１６７例,占３８．２％。本区儿童血铅水平低于工业区,高于远郊乡村,差异有显著性意义,小儿每日在马路上的时间长短为诸多影响因素中突出并存在显著性差异的因素。结论静安区虽为非工业区,但目前情况不容乐观,环境中的铅污染问题相当严重。对儿童和家长进行健康教育,规范家长和儿童的行为,是最有效、最廉价的降低儿童铅中毒患病率的方法。     

云南省昆明机场蚊虫调查报告

1997年5月至1998年4月,在昆明机场捕获蚊虫2366只,经鉴定计有6种。其中致倦库蚊为该机场的优势蚊种,占69.06％,且夜间活动持续时间长;其密度高峰出现在5至7月。     

老年人的发病特点及预防

目的：通过对老年人健康状况的调查,总结老年人发病特点,提出预防和治疗措施,以期延长老年人的寿命,提高老年人生活质量。方法：将７８０铝调查对象集中於医院,按规范化标准作体格检查,并由主任医师作结论。结果：高血压、心脑血管道在病、白内障、前列腺疾患、肺气肿及糖尿病等为老年人常见病。结论：定期体检及提高基知务人璋减少和预防老年病的重要手段。     

A method for the follow-up of clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes

Clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes are reported with increasing frequency to public health authorities. Most are random events and only a very small proportion is likely due to identifiable environmental agents. Often, a preliminary study confirms the existence of a spatial and temporal excess but no biologically plausible cause is found. These cases require a follow-up of incidence to identify any continuing excess. A conceptually simple fixed window technique of follow up is proposed. The power of the test is mainly influenced by the magnitude of the increase in rate, the number of adverse outcomes selected for observation and the acceptable false alarm rate. This technique has several advantages compared with other currently used methods. From a public health point of view, two important factors are to be considered in setting the parameters of the test: the delay in providing an answer for the community and the availability of resources for conducting environmental investigations.     

Investigation of clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes, an overview

Clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes are reported with increasing frequency to public health services, but it is likely that only a minority of clusters are caused by a common environmental teratogen or mutagen. Many guidelines and protocols have been developed for the investigation and the management of chronic disease clusters and can be applied to the study of adverse reproductive outcomes. Cluster investigation normally follows four successive phases: (i) the generation of one or more etiologic hypotheses, (ii) the confirmation of the hypotheses, (iii) an intervention aimed at reducing any dangerous exposure, and (iv) the evaluation of the effect of the intervention. However, each situation is unique and there is no standard recipe for conducting the epidemiologic investigation at each successive phase, for choosing the appropriate statistical technique and for communicating with interested parties. In order to minimize both the risk of pursuing a worthless investigation and the risk of ignoring a real excess of cases caused by an adverse environmental factor, it is imperative to rely on a team of specialists with expertise in epidemiology, statistics, toxicology, embryology, and communication.     

深圳市糖尿病流行特征研究

采用分层整群抽样方法,对深圳市５个行政区在深圳居住５年及以上,年龄在２０岁及以上的８２００名社区人群进行了糖尿病流行病学调查。结果表明,深圳居民糖尿病（ＤＭ）标化患病率为４３１％,糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）标化患病率为１１９３％,两者之比为１∶２７８;其中女性糖尿病（ＤＭ）和耐糖量低减（ＩＧＴ）标化患病率分别为４３１％和１１９３％,明显高于男性,后者分别为３７１％和１０２８％。研究结果还表明糖尿病和糖耐量低减率随年龄的升高而升高,离退休人员和家庭妇女明显高于其他职业人群,末发现来自不同地区人群糖尿病和ＩＧＴ患病率间差异。     

深圳市居民体质指数,腰臀围比与糖尿病的关系研究

采用分层整群抽样方法,研究了深圳市５ 个行政区年龄在２０ 岁以上,在深圳居住５ 年及以上８２００ 名常住社区居民肥胖与糖尿病的关系结果表明,深圳居民体质指数（ＢＭＩ） ≥２５ 的人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 患病率明显高于体质指数（ＢＭＩ） ＜２５ 的人群,肥胖人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 患病率分别是非肥胖人群的２．６ 倍和２３ 倍。随腰围、臀围及两者之比的升高,糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ患病率升高;腰臀围比≥１ 和＜１人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 率之比分别为１：５ 和１：２５。研究结果还表明,随腰围的增加两率增加更加明显,腰围平均每增加１ｃｍ 糖尿病患病率增加０５％ ,ＩＧＴ 患病率增加１０％     

陕西省药品经营企业GSP认证调查研究

目的:找出解决GSP认证中存在问题的有效途径,为政府相关部门进一步制订法规、政策提供参考。方法:采用实地调研的方法分析陕西省药品经营企业在GSP认证过程中存在的实际问题。结果与结论:只有多方配合,进一步提高各类人员素质,明确各自职责,规范各项管理制度,GSP认证才能顺利实施。