经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗腺性膀胱炎44例

目的 探讨经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗腺性膀胱炎的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析我院2006年1月到2010年12月接受尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗的44例腺性膀胱炎患者临床资料.男性15例,女性29例,年龄24～72岁,平均48.5岁.术后即刻膀胱灌注化疗,后定期膀胱灌注化疗.结果 44例手术顺利,手术时间10-125 min,平均42.5 min,术中出血量少.随访3～62个月,平均14.8个月,2例尿道外口狭窄.12例复发,复发病例均再次手术处理,9例治愈,3例肾积水.结论 经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗腺性膀胱炎,具有安全、并发症少、疗效确切等优点,但远期疗效尚需进一步研究.     

Current intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Introduction: Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is still the standard initial treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, even after a radical resection, recurrence (30 – 80%) and progression (1 – 45%) are commonly seen. Intravesical therapy provides direct contact of the agent with the bladder mucosa and clearly has improved the outcome, especially in high-risk disease.

Areas covered: The role of a good initial TURBT is emphasized. Risk assessment tools are discussed. Different intravesical therapies are enumerated according to the latest literature, with the emphasis on Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), including the discussion on the optimal dose and schedule. New developments are mentioned.

Expert opinion: A radical TURBT is essential for good prognosis. For optimal visualisation of tumours, fluorescence techniques should be used with low threshold, especially in case of suspicion of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Increased completeness of the resection will lead to less persisting disease and less need for adjuvant treatment. A re-TURBT should be done when in doubt of radical resection (judged by the pathologist or the surgeon). Risk assessment is essential, but the available tools are outdated. A single post-operative instillation (SPI) with chemotherapy is only indicated in low-risk disease. BCG is the treatment of choice for high-grade disease. BCG should be given as maintenance. Awareness of deterioration of the prognosis after progression is of great importance. In BCG failures, cystectomy should be strongly advised. Chemotherapy in combination with hyperthermia seems to be a new promising treatment.     

持续气管内滴药与雾化吸入对重度颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染的影响

目的：比较持续气管内滴药与雾化吸入法对下呼吸道感染的影响。方法：重度颅脑损伤气管切开病人130例,随机分为两组。A组65例,应用持续气管内滴药法湿化气道;B组65例,应用传统雾化吸入法湿化气道,对两组患者进行回顾性对照研究。结果：A组气管切开术后3、7、14d痰液细菌培养阳性例数均少于B组（P〈0.05）。痰液细菌培养G-菌占78.28%,G＋菌占21.72%,以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等多见。结论：应用持续气管内滴药法与应用传统雾化吸入法湿化气道相比,能明显减少重度颅脑损伤气管切开患者下呼吸道感染率和持续时间,促进患者恢复。     

法玛新膀胱灌洗预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

目的:对法玛新膀胱灌洗预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发进行临床疗效观察。方法:对52例浅表性膀胱癌患者进行随访,法玛新80mg术后6h内膀胱灌注,之后每3个月膀胱灌洗法玛新50mg 1次,2年为1个疗程。结果:随访时间12~24个月,平均16.8个月,共7例膀胱癌复发,1年复发率为9.6%(5/52),2年复发率为18.1%(4/22),不良反应发生情况共6例(11.6%)。结论:术后6h内大剂量膀胱灌注法玛新,之后每3个月膀胱灌洗法玛新1次,可以使浅表性膀胱肿瘤复发率明显降低,患者耐受性好、副反应发生率低。     

Comparison of the prophylactic usefulness of epirubicin and doxorubicin in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer by intravesical instillation: a multicenter randomized trial

A multicentric randomized trial was conducted for the purpose of investigating the prophylactic efficacy of intravesical epirubicin instillation following transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer in comparison with the efficacy of doxorubicin. The patients were centrally randomized into 2 groups and received 19 intravesical instillations of epirubicin or doxorubicin at 30 mg/30 ml physiological saline twice a week for 4 weeks and then once monthly for 11 months. A total of 150 patients with Ta and T1 superficial bladder cancer were entered in the trial, and 114 were evaluable. The nonrecurrence rates determined for each group at 1 and 2 years by the Kaplan-Meier method were 92.8% and 88.6%, respectively, for the epirubicin group and 86.4% and 81.7%, respectively, for the doxorbicin group. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The main side effects encountered in this study were symptoms of bladder irritation such as micturitional pain, pollakisuria, and hematuria. The respective frequencies of those symptoms were 10%, 15.0%, and 5.0% in the epirubicin group and 14,8%, 14.8%, and O in the doxorubicin group. These results suggest that epirubicin is a useful drug, comparable with doxorubicin, for intravesical instillation chemotherapy in the prophylactic treatment of superficial bladder cancer.Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Treatment of Urinary Tract Tumors with Adriamycin/Farmorubicin, 24–25 September 1993, Hakone, Japan     

Case report: An unusual intravesical foreign body: Cause of recurrent urinary tract infections

A 16-year-old boy presented with recurrenturinary tract infections in spite of antibiotictreatment. Investigations revealed the presenceof an unusual intravesical foreign body i.e. acommon ballpoint. It was removed viacystostomy. In any patient presenting withrecurrent urinary tract infections thepossibility of an intravesical foreign bodyshould always be considered.     

Evaluation of multiple recurrence events in superficial bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy using the Andersen-Gill's model

To evaluate factors affecting recurrenceafter intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG) therapy (Tokyo 172 strain), we revieweddata for 101 patients with superficial bladdercancer (pTa [n = 80] and pT1 [n = 21]) treatedbetween 1985 and 1999. The median follow-upperiod was 58.9 months. Factors affecting thefirst tumour recurrence were evaluated usingCox's proportional hazards model and thoseaffecting multiple recurrence withAndersen-Gill's model. The 5-yearrecurrence-free rate was 63% for all 101patients. The recurrence frequency, defined astimes per 100 patient-months of follow-up,greatly decreased from 7.3 ± 9.6 (SD) beforethe instillation to 2.6 ± 5.6 after thetherapy (p < 0.0001). Patients with pT1tumours tended to have earlier recurrence thanthose with pTa tumours (p = 0.06). Multivariateanalysis using Cox's proportional hazards modelrevealed that a history of bladder cancer andpathological stage were independent factorsaffecting the first tumour recurrence after theBCG therapy. When multiple endpoints ofrecurrence were evaluated using theAndersen-Gill's model, number of tumours aswell as a history of bladder cancer andpathological stage demonstrated significantlinks to tumour recurrence after the BCGtherapy. The 5-year progression-free and 5-yearsurvival rates were 89.3% and 85.3% for allthe 101 patients, respectively. Becauseintravesical recurrence may involve multipleevents during the clinical course of patientswith bladder cancer, the Andersen-Gill's modelappears useful for evaluation of riskfactors.     

TUR-Bt联合TVBT加吡柔比星灌注治疗膀胱肿瘤疗效观察

目的:探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TUR-Bt)联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术(TVBT)治疗膀胱肿瘤及术后膀胱内灌注吡柔比星(THP)的方法及疗效。方法:采用TUR-Bt联合TVBT及术后行膀胱内灌注THP治疗膀胱肿瘤。结果:22例膀胱肿瘤均一次切除,1例膀胱穿孔改开放手术;平均手术时间:单发瘤20min,多发瘤50min;术后留置尿管4~6d,术后平均住院7d;THP膀胱灌注每周1次,共8周,以后每月1次,连用8个月;随访3个月~4年,无一例复发。结论:TUR-Bt联合TVBT及术后THP灌注治疗膀胱肿瘤,具有操作简单、出血少、并发症少、复发率低、安全性高等优点,且疗效满意。     

浅表性膀胱癌的灌注治疗

膀胱癌是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其中70％～80％是以反复复发为特点的浅表性膀胱癌。防止肿瘤发生、进展和侵袭转移是降低膀胱癌复发率和病死率的关键。对浅表性膀胱癌灌注治疗的研究进展进行综述。