The use of intravenous nitroglycerin for cervico-uterine relaxation: a review of the literature

The safety, predictability, and ease of intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) have been firmly documented. In recent years, intravenous NTG has come to the attention of the obstetrician as a potent uterine relaxant. Intravenous nitroglycerin has been used to relax the uterus during manual extraction of retained placenta and to permit replacement of a contracted, completely prolapsed, inverted uterus. The use of this agent as a tocolytic has previously been reported in cesarean delivery of twins, in cases of intra partum external cephalic version, and for internal intrapartum podalic version of the second twin. This new procedure was also used for fetal head entrapment after vaginal breech delivery. The authors report a review of the literature about this subject. Received: February 1997 / Accepted: 20 June 1997     

肠外营养在不能手术肝癌治疗中的应用

目的:观察肠外营养在肝癌治疗中的作用.方法:38例体重下降超过10%不能手术的肝癌患者随机分成A、B两组,A组接受肝动脉插管化疗栓塞(TACE)前给予肠外营养(PN)支持;B组单接受TACE.结果:A组有效率及一年存活率均显著高于B组.结论:TACE前给予PN支持可以提高伴有营养不良的不能手术肝癌的治疗效果.     

Anti -addiction effects of agmatine against heroin self-administration in rats

Rationale： Drug abuse is serious and costly health problems. Present understanding that drug addiction is a chronic brain disease paves the way for pharmacotherapy. Unfortunately, few medications have proven effective for the treatment of addiction and dependence. Searching novel strategies of pharmacotherapy against drug addiction are challenging. Agmatine （ decarboxylated L - arginine）, an endogenous imidazoline receptor ligand, with multiple pharmacological profiles including its NMDA antagonistic properties, attracts the attention for its potential therapeutic efficacy for drug addiction.     

全肠外营养对早产儿营养、免疫功能及行为发育的影响

【目的】探讨全肠外营养(TPN)对早产儿营养、免疫功能及行为发育的影响。【方法】监测55例TPN治疗早产儿的营养状况、肝肾功能、血脂水平、免疫功能及矫正胎龄40周时行为发育情况，并与25例未行TPN的早产儿对照分析。【结果】TPN治疗组体重增长快、体重日增长及治疗后体重高于对照组，TPN治疗后血清蛋白、免疫球蛋白及补体水平升高，肝肾功能及血脂检查无明显异常，矫正胎龄40周时NBNA评分高于对照组。【结论】TPN能改善早产儿营养状况、促进免疫水平的提高和行为神经的发育，对早产儿的治疗有重要意义。     

小剂量人重组红细胞生成素不同给药途径治疗慢性肾衰贫血临床观察

目的:观察小剂量人类重组红细胞生成素 (rhu -Epo)皮下注射与静脉注射两种给药途径对慢性肾衰贫血的疗效。探索更为有效、安全、经济的给药途径。方法 :用随机数字表法将20例慢性肾功能衰竭贫血病人分为两组 :分别采用皮下注射 (治疗组 )与静脉注射 (对照组 )两种给药途径 ,比较两种不同给药途径疗效的差异。结果 :两组病人RBC、Hb、Hct均有明显上升 ,与治疗前比较差别均有很显著性 (P<0.01)。6周内两组之间比较差别无显著性 (P>0.05)。皮下注射组治疗后2周与6周RBC、Hb、Hct差别有很显著性 (P<0.01)。两组均有血压增高。结论 :小剂量rhu -Epo皮下注射与静脉注射均能有效改善慢性肾衰病人的贫血,两种给药途径相比较,皮下注射更安全、经济、适用。     

黄芪注射液加纳洛酮治疗急性脑出血53例

目的初步探讨黄芪注射液加纳洛酮治疗急性脑出血的临床疗效。方法分别采用黄芪注射液治疗方案(A组:51例)、纳洛酮治疗方案(B组:49例)、黄芪注射液加纳洛酮治疗方案(C组:53例),对153例急性脑出血患者进行治疗,并于入院后第7、14、28天分别进行血肿体积、水肿容积测量和临床神经功能缺损程度评分。结果入院后第7天三组血肿体积、水肿容积、临床神经功能缺损程度评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);入院后第14天C组分别与A、B组比较,血肿体积、水肿容积均显著减小(P<0.05),但A与B比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),三组临床神经功能缺损程度评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);入院后第28天C组分别与A、B组比较,血肿体积、水肿容积、临床神经功能缺损程度评分均有显著减少(P<0.05)。结论黄芪注射液加纳洛酮治疗方案是一种治疗急性脑出血更有效、更安全的方法。     

795例肠外营养支持的回顾性分析

目的:对795例患者的肠外营养支持进行回顾性分析.方法:对行肠外营养支持的399例患者进行治疗前后淋巴细胞计数、血浆白蛋白和血浆锌离子浓度等营养学指标的比较,并选择行肠外营养的患者198例与行单一静脉营养的患者198例进行营养学指标的比较,同时比较不良反应和依从性.另选择25例有单一静脉营养史患者25例,分为足量组13例和低氮组12例,分别按照1.0～1.5和0.6 g·kg-1·d-1逐渐在3 d内递增到1.0～1.5 g·kg-1·d-1给予氨基酸,其余营养支持相同, 进行营养学指标的比较.结果:与治疗前比较,行肠外营养支持后患者的白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、锌离子浓度等均显著增加(P<0.05).与单一静脉营养相比较,行肠外营养患者的白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、锌离子浓度等也均显著增加(P<0.05),同时不良反应和依从性较好.足量组与低氮组比较,白蛋白值显著增加,而淋巴细胞计数、锌离子浓度无显著性差异.结论:肠外营养支持可以显著改善营养不良.     

A realist qualitative study to explore how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start food vouchers

Healthy Start is the UK government's food voucher programme for low‐income pregnant women and young children. It was introduced in 2006, but the impact of the programme on nutritional outcomes remains understudied. This study sought to explore potential outcomes of the Healthy Start programme (including intended and unintended outcomes) and develop explanations for how and why these outcomes might occur. A realist review preceded this study, in which programme theories were developed and tested using existing evidence. This qualitative study aimed to further refine and consolidate the programme theories from the realist review while remaining open to new and emerging theories (or hypotheses) about how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start vouchers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 low‐income women from North West England, who received Healthy Start vouchers during pregnancy. A realist logic of analysis was applied to generate clear and transparent linkages between outcomes and explanations. The findings suggested that some women used the vouchers to improve their diets during pregnancy (intended outcome), whereas some women were diverted towards alternative or unintended outcomes. Women's circumstances, values, beliefs, and motivations influenced how they perceived and responded to the vouchers. This paper presents four evidence‐based programme theories to explain four contrasting (and potentially overlapping) outcomes: dietary improvements (theory refined from review), shared benefits (new theory), financial assistance (theory refined from review), and stockpiling formula (new theory). It considers how the Healthy Start programme could be improved, to increase the possibilities for low‐income women to experience the intended outcome of dietary improvements.     

Orange Fanta versus orange fruit: A novel measure of nutrition knowledge in Malawi

This paper introduces a novel survey instrument to identify distinct components of nutrition knowledge and test for links between knowledge and dietary choices in Southern Malawi. Our first aim is to distinguish respondents' familiarity with recommended behaviours, such as when to start breastfeeding or introduce solid foods, from respondents' factual knowledge about mechanisms, such as whether biscuits or papaya and orange fruit or orange Fanta contribute more to future health. We find knowledge of nutrition behaviours to be strongly associated with more schooling, older age, and being female, whereas knowledge of mechanisms is associated only with training and employment as a health professional. We then test whether this expanded definition of nutrition knowledge is associated with dietary intake when controlling for other factors and find no significant links in these data. Results point to the need for knowledge surveys and public health behaviour‐change campaigns to address the kinds of information that might have the most influence on actual behaviour, potentially including the mechanisms involved in food composition, food safety, and disease transmission.     

全肠外营养诱导线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨全肠外营养诱导新生乳猪线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法以肠内营养乳猪作为对照,建立全肠外营养新生乳猪实验动物模型,喂养7d后获取肝脏组织,分离原代肝细胞,部分肝组织应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测肝细胞DNA凋亡条带,通过凋亡蛋白活性测定、免疫组织化学、Western blot印迹法等检测全肠外营养诱导肝细胞发生凋亡的蛋白表达。结果全肠外营养组乳猪肝细胞活率为（49±21）％,明显低于肠内营养组的（88±14）％（P〈0．05）。全肠外营养乳猪肝组织DNA电泳呈现典型梯形凋亡条带,细胞凋亡ELISA检测发现细胞凋亡定量高达对照组的2．6倍,半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）-3活性也明显升高,与肠内营养相比增高9．9倍,但ATP酶活性下降了24％。Westernblot显示全肠外营养组肝组织中相关凋亡蛋白酶PARP、caspase-9和-7蛋白酶原被活化,Bcl-2蛋白表达量下调,Bax蛋白量表达上调;同时线粒体内细胞色素C释放至胞浆内,使胞浆内细胞色素C表达水平升高。免疫组织化学也显示全肠外营养组Bax表达上调。结论全肠外营养可以损伤肝组织,并通过线粒体应激信号传导通路诱导肝细胞凋亡。